ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa
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Browsing ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa by Field of Science and Technology (FOS) "Engenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Mecânica"
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- Ardosia: simulating circuits and robotic systems in a platformPublication . Marnoto de Oliveira Campos, Francisco MateusCircuit simulation, together with practical sessions, is considered a fundamental tool to assist in the teaching of electronics. Robotics offers rich real-world applications that foster student interest in developing engineering projects. Despite the potential benefits of uniting these two realities, software tools that combine circuits and robotic systems in a single simulation platform are scarce. This article presents Ardosia, a simulation software that combines electronics and robotics in a single simulation arena. The electronic aspects of the simulation are handled by the Falstad Circuit Simulator, a software with proven success in promoting student interest and learning outcomes. Importantly, this software features significant interactive and visualization characteristics that are deemed valuable to enhance conceptual understanding. Non-electrical physics simulation is performed by a special-purpose engine, designed to simulate sensor and actuator behavior in a 2-D world. In combination, the two simulation engines yield a model where electronic circuits are embodied in the world through robot sensors and actuators interacting together and with the surroundings. Such a simulator is intended to promote the use of robotics projects in electronics education, since students will be equipped with software to conveniently design and evaluate robotic systems, through simulation, before applying their ideas in an experimental setting. This article presents an overview of Ardosia, complemented with examples of use in electronics education and a validation experiment comparing simulation with real-world data.
- Assessment of influential operational parameters in the mitigation of CO2 emissions in a power plant: case study in PortugalPublication . Balanuta, Vítor; Baptista, Patricia; Neves da Fonseca Cardoso Carreira, Fernando Paulo; Duarte, Gonçalo; Casaca, Cláudia Sofia Séneca da LuzThe European decarbonization goals and requirement for energy independence are mostly relying on intermittent renewable energy sources for electrification. A numerical model was developed to simulate the operation of a steam generator, allowing a study of the potential impacts of retrofitting existing coal-fired power plants to operate with biomass or coal–biomass mixtures on combustion parameters and CO2 emissions. The results obtained using the operational parameters of the Sines power plant indicate that a mixture of 25% coal and 75% pine sawdust allow operation at λ = 1.8, demonstrating that a small amount of coal allows operation near the coal combustion parameters (λ = 1.9). These conditions have the drawback of a reduction of 8.7% in adiabatic flame temperature but a significant reduction of 57.5% in CO2 emissions, considering the biomass as carbon-neutral.
- Characterization of the fracture forming limits by radial extrusionPublication . Sampaio, Rui F.V.; da Fonseca Matos Pragana, João Pedro; Bragança, Ivo; Silva, Carlos; Nielsen, Chris Valentin; Martins, Paulo
- Color evaluation of pre-shaded monolithic zirconia restorations on different substrates and resin cementsPublication . Fonseca, Vanessa; Neves, Cristina Bettencourt; Portugal, Jaime; Anes, Vitor; Chasqueira, Filipa; Roque, Joao CarlosThis study evaluated if the material, the substrate, and the cement have no influence on the color of pre-shaded monolithic zirconia crowns. The specific effect of the cement over each substrate/brand group was also studied. Two commercial brands of zirconia, Amann Girrbach (AG) and Zirkonzahn (ZZ), were used to produce crowns that were placed over three substrates (natural tooth, zirconia, metal) using two different resin cements (Ivoclar AG (Shaan, Liechtenstein) Neutral and Light) or glycerol (as the control) (n = 10). Lightness (L*), chroma (C*), hue (h*), and color difference (ΔE) of each crown were measured using a VITA Easyshade V® spectrophotometer (VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany), following the standardized reference. Since normality was not verified by the Shapiro–Wilk test, data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test for group comparisons and Tukey’s post-hoc test for multifactorial variance analysis (α = 0.05). ΔE medians ranged between 1.3 in the AG/zirconia substrate/glycerol group and 8.0 in the ZZ/metal substrate/light cement group. In general, lower values of ΔE were recorded in AG restorations compared to ZZ (p < 0.05), zirconia, and natural tooth substrates compared to metal (p < 0.001) and neutral compared to light cements (p < 0.05). Specifically, over the metal substrate, AG crowns with neutral cement and ZZ crowns with neutral cement and glycerol showed lower ΔE values (p < 0.05). Over the zirconia substrate, light cement presented higher ΔE values than glycerol in both brands but similar to neutral cement. Over the natural tooth, no significant differences were observed between cements (p > 0.05) in the AG brand, while in the ZZ group, light cement showed higher ΔE values (p < 0.05). The final color of the restorations was significantly influenced by the zirconia brand, substrate type, and resin cement. Light cement led to greater color variations, particularly in ZZ restorations. These findings highlight the importance of material selection in achieving esthetically pleasing zirconia restorations.
- Combining artificial intelligence with diferente plasticity induced crack closure criteria to determine opening and closing loads on a three-dimensional centre cracked specimenPublication . Miguel Gomes Simões Baptista, Ricardo; Infante, VirgíniaFracture due to fatigue crack growth remains a significant failure mode in both brittle and ductile materials. When dealing with crack tip plasticity induced phenomena, characterized by high strain and stress field gradients, only highly refined meshes around the crack tip can produce accurate results. Therefore, optimized mesh parameters must be used, in order to achieve high quality models with low computational costs. In this study, artificial intelligence models and a numerical three-dimensional model for a middle tension specimen were combined to enhance crack closure and opening loads assessment. The numerical accuracy was analysed based on the estimated stress and strain fields, plastic zone shape and size and crack closure and opening load values. Two artificial neural networks were trained using four different crack lengths, mesh sizes and simulated plastic wakes. The networks were capable of stress and strain field predictions and crack opening and closure load determination. It was verified that the crack stress criterion is strongly correlated with the principal strain field and the displacement field around the crack tip, providing a viable way to analyse plasticity induced crack closure.
- Desenvolvimento de uma aplicação computacional para o cálculo de cargas térmicas em edifíciosPublication . Agostinho, Abel Mateus Lopes; Casaca, Cláudia Sofia Séneca da Luz; Carreira, Fernando Paulo Neves da Fonseca CardosoO presente trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação computacional para o cálculo de cargas térmicas em edifícios que possa ser utilizada através da internet. A modelação dos edifícios é realizada através da definição e parametrização dos vários elementos construtivos dos espaços, nomeadamente, paredes exteriores e interiores, cobertura, pavimento e vãos envidraçados. A aplicação também permite parametrizar as cargas térmicas internas existentes num edifício, tais como, a iluminação, equipamentos e cargas adicionadas devido à atividade humana. Esta parametrização é realizada através de uma interface gráfica inserida numa arquitetura cliente-servidor, desenvolvida em HTML e PHP, sendo os dados armazenados numa base de dados em MySQL, para permitir a utilização através da internet, num sistema multiutilizador. O cálculo das cargas térmicas foi desenvolvido em Python, implementando o método da função de transferência. A transmissão de calor que ocorre no edifício é calculada com base nos mecanismos de condução, convecção e radiação, considerando as condições climatéricas, materiais, elementos construtivos, espaços, iluminação, equipamentos, perfis de ocupação, entre outros. Além disso, foi integrado o cálculo da radiação solar incidente, a complementar as condições climatéricas. Os resultados obtidos pelos módulos de cálculo desenvolvidos foram validados através da comparação com um programa comercial destinado ao cálculo de cargas térmicas. Como caso de estudo, analisou-se um espaço de escritórios, tendo-se observado um desvio máximo de 5,8%, na carga térmica de uma parede orientada a norte. No que respeita à carga térmica sensível total, obteve-se um valor de 4301 W com um desvio relativo de apenas 0,2% face ao programa comercial utilizado, evidenciando a boa concordância do programa de cálculo desenvolvido. Estes resultados permitiram validar o programa de cálculo desenvolvido em Python, assim como a eficácia da aplicação web proposta.
- Determination of the relationship between proportional and non-proportional fatigue damage in magnesium alloy AZ31 BFPublication . Anes, Vitor; Bumba, Francisco; Reis, Luís; Freitas, ManuelIn this work, the magnesium alloy AZ31BF subjected to proportional and non-proportional loads has been studied. For this purpose, a series of experimental multiaxial fatigue tests were carried out according to the ASTM E466 protocol. The main objective was to determine the relationship between the multiaxial fatigue strength of this alloy under these two different types of loading. The results showed that the AZ31BF magnesium alloy has different fatigue strengths depending on the loading type. Based on these results, it was found that the ratio between proportional and non-proportional damage in AZ31BF magnesium alloy varies depending on the number of loading cycles. To represent this variation, parameter Y was used to modulate the non-proportional damage of AZ31BF. In this way, two Y functions were considered, one for the normal stress component and the other for the shear stress component. The results obtained for the non-proportional parameter Y are of particular interest since the multiaxial fatigue models do not distinguish between these two types of loading when evaluating fatigue life. In this sense, the results of this study can be used in these models to overcome this limitation.
- Energy production from landfill gas: short-term managementPublication . Domingues, Nuno SoaresAn increasing lack of raw materials, resource depletion, environmental impacts and other concerns have changed the way the population faces garbage disposal and municipalities implement waste management strategies. The aggravated global rise in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has led to a new stage in full development, with objectives and targets set by the European Union regarding reducing the production of MSW. The targets also include the increasing selective collection, reuse, recycling and recovery (organic and energetic) of the waste produced. At the same time, the European Union has also set caps for the greenhouse gas emissions and for increasing the use of alternative renewable energy sources. In this context, one of the sources of renewable energy that is beginning to be used to produce electricity in our country is biogas. Finally, AD promotes the development of a circular economy. The present study introduces the formalism for a computer application that simulates the technical-economic behaviour of the short-term management of biogas for the conversion of electricity, and the mathematical model is formulated as a mathematical programming problem with constraints. A simulation for a case study of short-term management is given using the real landfill data available. The case study proves the ability of the LandGEM, despite some authors' support that the Tabasaran-Rettenberger model provided a more reliable estimate, especially when compared to actual landfill data. The present paper is a contribution to the optimisation of the management of electricity from the use of biogas, namely the second phase of the Strategic Plan for Urban Waste. In addition to complying with the legislation in force, the use of biogas to produce electricity is an added value for the concessionaires of waste treatment and final destination units, as this alternative energy source can provide not only self-sufficiency in electricity for these units but also the export of surplus energy to the National Electricity Grid, thus contributing to the self-sustaining management and energy flexibility that is intended for these infrastructures.
- Enhancing the performance of double-flush riveted joints through hybridization with adhesive bondingPublication . Alpendre, João M. B.; Rosado, Pedro M. S.; Sampaio, Rui F. V.; Pragana, João P. M.; Bragança, Ivo; Silva, Carlos M. A.; Martins, Paulo A. F.This paper explores the potential to enhance the mechanical performance of joints created through a new joining-by-forming technique called hybrid double-flush riveting. To achieve this, adhesive bonding is used to form hybrid lap joints with superior mechanical properties. The study focuses on high-strength steel sheets and starts by identifying the appropriate surface conditions necessary for producing strong adhesive-bonded joints. A similar strategy is applied to construct double-flush riveted joints, focusing on the geometric variables involved in the process. Hybrid joints are then created by integrating adhesive bonding with double-flush riveting, with the second carried out before or after curing is completed. The experimental development is supported by finite element analysis conducted with an in-house computer program. The mechanical performance of the hybrid joints is compared to that of purely adhesive-bonded and conventionally double-flush riveted joints through shear and peel destructive testing. Results demonstrate that hybrid joints ultimately provide greater joint strength for both solicitations. This allows showcasing the hybridization of double-flush riveting with adhesive bonding as an effective solution for applications where joint strength and continuity are essential.
- Estudo térmico e medidas de promoção de eficiência energética numa nave oficinalPublication . Medeiros, André da Costa; Casaca, Cláudia Sofia Séneca da Luz; Duarte, Gonçalo Nuno de OliveiraA adoção de práticas sustentáveis tem vindo a ser um tema crescente nos últimos anos. Num contexto nacional, a utilização racional de energia e o desempenho térmico dos edifícios é especialmente importante, dada a dependência energética que Portugal possui e a pobreza energética do parque habitacional. Esta pobreza estende-se a outras tipologias de edifícios como os industriais, muitas vezes devido à sua idade e práticas construtivas adotadas na época. A nave oficinal em estudo apresenta desafios em termos de conforto térmico e qualidade do ar interior, resultantes das suas características construtivas e da obsolescência dos sistemas de climatização. Foram propostas medidas para o aumento do conforto térmico e qualidade do ar interior tendo em conta a promoção da eficiência energética. Foi elaborada uma caracterização térmica do edifício no seu estado atual que levou a propostas de melhoria ao mesmo, sendo estas analisadas numericamente com recurso ao programa de simulação dinâmica HAP, desenvolvido pela Carrier. As melhorias consistem na aplicação de isolamento na cobertura, na fachada sul e a implementação de vãos envidraçados e portões de acesso que possuem um desempenho térmico superior. Para este efeito foi utilizado o EPS, variando a sua espessura, e vãos envidraçados e portões de acesso com um coeficiente global de transmissão térmica inferior. Foi determinado o caudal de ar novo mínimo necessário e dimensionada uma unidade de tratamento de ar para as duas medidas propostas com o maior impacto térmico para o edifício, assim como uma proposta para os pontos de insuflação, extração e extração localizada para a medida que apresenta o maior impacto térmico. Finalmente, analisou-se o consumo energético da instalação variando o caudal de ar novo a insuflar, contemplando os ventiladores, chiller e a bomba de calor, constatando que o menor consumo para o chiller acontece para 80% de ar novo devido ao free-cooling.