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- Perceptions of online teaching in the academic community at a higher education health institutionPublication . Poças, Ilda Maria; Grilo, Ana; Silva, Carina; Homem, Ana; Rodrigues, Carolina; Francisco, Inês; Nogueira, PatríciaPurpose: Faced with the COVID-19 pandemic situation, higher education institutions needed to adapt, moving from face-to-face teaching to distance learning online. The aim is to analyze the perception of the academic community in a higher education health institution (students' and lecturers' perception; and lecturers' perception of students) in the face of transition, emotional states, and visual changes.
- Influence of cognitive factors on adherence to social distancing and the use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic by young adults: a systematic reviewPublication . Almeida-Silva, Marina; Andrade, Graça; Luis, Tamara; Santos, Margarida; Grilo, AnaSocial distancing and the use of masks are crucial to prevent the spread of SARS-COV-2. Knowledge of the determinants of this behavior is essential to promote effective communication with the public in future public health crises that require mass public compliance with preventive behaviors. This systematic review focused on scientific evidence related to cognitive factors that underlie young adults’ intention to adhere to preventive social behavior (distancing and/or the use of facial masks) against COVID-19. A systematic literature search on the electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO was performed in December 2022 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The PEO (Population: young adults, Exposure: COVID-19, and Outcome: cognitive factors that underlie the intention of young adults to adhere to social distancing and/or the use of facial masks) was developed to identify search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eight studies met the eligibility criteria. None of the studies were seriously flawed according to the quality assessment, and they were considered to have a low risk of bias for selection. Several cognitive determinants emerged in the analysis. For social distancing and the use of masks, the most relevant factors related to adherence include risk perception and perceived severity, the moral value of fairness, social responsibility, trust in the government, respect for authority, and the quality of institutional communication. Adherence to social distancing was found related to self-efficacy. These results reinforce social cognitive models showing the relevance of cognitions to adherence behavior and highlight the responsibility of official institutions in the development of contexts and in adapting the communication for the effective promotion of adherence to the recommendations they launch.
- Exploring ethical principles amongst practicing community pharmacists in Portugal: any reasons for concern?Publication . Cavaco, Afonso Miguel; Grilo, Ana; Barros, LuisaPharmacists facing ethical dilemmas have shown weaknesses in principled reasoning and disclosure. The chapter describes research on Portuguese community pharmacists' moral reasoning and narrative ethics. A cross-sectional survey comprising vignettes with practice ethical dilemmas, their possible justifications, and an open box for textual accounts was used as the research tool. More than 270 pharmacists replied, primarily young (<35 years old) female practitioners and 75% were involved in direct contact with patients. At least 50% of the sample showed compliance with the expected ethical-based decisions, except for the non-maleficence principle (10.9%); although receiving the highest proportion of the corresponding justification (30.3%), no open accounts or narratives were registered. The present findings suggest ethical passivity associated with decision-making in practice and a potential conflict between the clinical and the business roles. Explicit ethical norms for practice guidance and additional moral reasoning and narrative training are suggested.
- Ensino presencial versus ensino a distância: perceção dos estudantes de uma escola de saúdePublication . Poças, Ilda Maria; Grilo, Ana; Silva, Carina; Homem, Ana Pinto; Gomes, Carina; Rodrigues, Carolina; Francisco, Inês; Silva, Inês; Dração, Mariana; Nogueira, PatríciaIntrodução – Perante a situação pandémica da COVID-19, com início em 2020, as instituições de ensino superior necessitaram de se adaptar, transitando do ensino presencial para ensino de emergência a distância e, por isso, em formato online. Objetivos – Analisar a perceção dos estudantes de uma escola superior de saúde face à transição de ensino, focando-se principalmente na preferência e satisfação pelo tipo de ensino, nas dificuldades de adaptação, na motivação, nas alterações dos estados emocionais, no desempenho académico, nas competências adquiridas e nas alterações visuais, como a manifestação de sensação de ardor ocular e olho seco, cefaleias e peso ocular. Método – Realizou-se uma investigação descritiva através da aplicação de um questionário online à amostra em estudo. Os dados foram analisados através do SPSS. Resultados – Os resultados obtidos indicaram que, das 517 respostas, 40,4% (n=207) afirmaram preferir o ensino presencial, 43,9% (n=207) afirmaram sentir maiores dificuldades na adaptação ao ensino prático, sendo que 29,3% (n=143) afirmaram estar mais satisfeitos com as aulas teóricas contrariamente às aulas práticas. Conclusão – Os estudantes mostraram-se de uma forma geral insatisfeitos com o ensino à distância, em particular com as aulas práticas, uma vez que se verificou nesta tipologia de ensino uma manifestação negativa na adaptação, nos estados emocionais, na motivação e nas capacidades académicas dos estudantes, bem como uma manifestação positiva no que toca à preferência dos estudantes pelo ensino presencial.
- Função visual e variáveis psicológicas nos portadores da síndrome dependência de álcoolPublication . Lino, Pedro Miguel; Poças, Ilda Maria; Grilo, AnaSíndrome de Dependência do Álcool (SDA): consumo excessivo de álcool acompanhado de perturbações a nível físico, emocional e social; normalmente instala-se em situações de maior vulnerabilidade; definida como doença crónica que quando não controlada pode ser fatal; o consumo excessivo afeta a maioria das funções motoras e perceptivas, aumentando o tempo de reação, diminuindo as funções motoras e cognitivas, afetando a atenção de forma severa; alterações psicológicas – ansiedade, dificuldade em dormir, irritabilidade ou depressão; alterações físicas – náuseas, tremores, vertigens, desequilíbrio e perda de coordenação motora; alterações oculares – edema palpebral, lacrimejo, diminuição da acuidade visual, diplopia, diminuição da estereopsia, alterações na sensibilidade ao contraste, alterações vergênciais e acomodativas, redução do campo visual e alterações na visão cromática. Objetivo do estudo - Avaliar a função visual e o estado emocional nos indivíduos com DAS.
- Assessing the quality and reliability of ChatGPT’s responses to radiotherapy-related patient queries: GPT-3.5 versus GPT-4Publication . Grilo, Ana; Marques, Catarina; Corte-Real, Maria; Carolino, Elisabete; Caetano, MarcoPatients frequently resort to the Internet to access cancer information. Nevertheless, these online websites often need more content accuracy and readability. Recently, ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence-powered chatbot, signifies a potential paradigm shift in how cancer patients can access vast medical information. However, given that ChatGPT was not explicitly trained for oncology-related inquiries, the quality of the information it provides still needs to be verified. Evaluating the quality of responses is crucial, as misinformation can foster a false sense of knowledge and security, lead to noncompliance, and delay appropriate treatment. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the quality and reliability of ChatGPT’s responses to standard patient queries about radiotherapy, comparing the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. Methods: Forty commonly asked radiotherapy questions were selected and inserted into both versions. Responses were evaluated by six radiotherapy experts using a General Quality Score (GQS), assessed for consistency and similarity using the cosine similarity score, and analyzed for readability using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: GPT-4 demonstrated superior performance, with higher GQS and a complete absence of lower scores compared to GPT-3.5. The Mann-Whitney test revealed statistically significant differences in some questions, with GPT-4 generally receiving higher ratings. The cosine similarity score indicated substantial similarity and consistency in responses from both versions. Readability scores for both versions were considered college-level, with GPT-4 scoring slightly better in FRES (35.55) and FKGL (12.71) compared to GPT-3.5 (30.68 and 13.53, respectively). Both versions’ responses were deemed challenging for the public to read. Conclusions: While GPT-4 generates more accurate and reliable responses than GPT-3.5, both models present readability challenges for the public. ChatGPT reveals potential as a valuable resource for addressing common patient queries related to radiotherapy. However, it is crucial to acknowledge its limitations, including the risks of misinformation and readability issues.
- Portuguese Validation of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Scale (UTAUT) to a COVID-19 mobile application: a pilot studyPublication . Araújo, Ivandra; Grilo, Ana; Silva, CarinaThe use of technology has proven to be a powerful tool in the fight against COVID-19 and its variants of concern (Gamma, Beta, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron). The urgency of responding to this worldwide pandemic has accelerated the development of monitoring systems and contact tracing applications. Without technology's contribution, the adverse effects on humanity economically, socially, and psychologically would be even more devastating. This study aimed to translate, adapt, and validate the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model in a Portuguese university population, to evaluate adherence to a mobile application for tracking COVID-19. An observational cross-sectional study was developed using a sample with 1081 participants (71% female, 59.2% with ages between 16 and 24, and 78.2% of the respondents university students). The Portuguese version model showed good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.82) and an acceptable overall adjustment to the sample under study (χ2/df = 3.732, CFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.944, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.06); however, this model could be improved, as we proved. Since this is a pilot study, more studies are needed. The results indicated that the P-UTAUT can be improved for evaluating adherence to a COVID-19 mobile application.
- EANM procedural recommendations for managing the paediatric patient in diagnostic nuclear medicinePublication . Camoni, Luca; Santos, Andrea; Luporsi, Marie; Grilo, Ana; Pietrzak, Agata; Gear, Jonathan; Zucchetta, Pietro; Bar-Sever, ZviPurpose: The manuscript aims to characterize the principles of best practice in performing nuclear medicine procedures in paediatric patients. The paper describes all necessary technical skills that should be developed by healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible care for paediatric patients, as it is particularly challenging due to the psychological and physical conditions of children. Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature review to establish the most relevant elements of nuclear medicine studies in paediatric patients. We focused our attention on the technical aspects of the study, such as patient preparation, imaging protocols, and immobilization techniques, that adhere to best practice principles. Furthermore, we considered the psychological elements of working with children, including comforting and distraction strategies. Results: The extensive literature review combined with practical conclusions and recommendations presented and explained by the authors summarizes the most important principles of care for paediatric patients in the nuclear medicine field. Conclusion: Nuclear medicine applied to the paediatric patient is a very special and challenging area, requiring proper education and experience in order to be performed at the highest level and with the maximum safety for the child.
- Face-to-face versus distance learning: perception of the academic community at ESTeSLPublication . Poças, Ilda Maria; Grilo, Ana; Silva, Carina; Homem, Ana Pinto; Rodrigues, Carolina; Francisco, Inês; Dragão, Mariana; Nogueira, PatríciaIntroduction: Facing the pandemic situation of COVID 19, which reached Portugal in 2020, higher education institutions needed to adapt, transitioning from face-to-face learning to distance emergency learning, and therefore, in an online format. Objectives: To analyze the academic community's perception of a higher school of health facing the learning transition, focusing mainly on the preference and satisfaction for the type of learning, adaptation difficulties, motivation, changes in emotional states, academic performance, acquired skills, and visual changes.
- What people think about medicines and its prescription by doctors: a study in PortugalPublication . Santos, Margarida; Grilo, Ana; Andrade, Graça; Coelho, AndréDespite the general recognition of the benefits of adherence to medical regimes, it has been estimated that 50% of medicines prescribed for long-term illness are not taken as recommended. Adherence is a multidetermined process. The Extended Common‐Sense Model proposes the inclusion of beliefs about medicines as mediators between illness representations and adherence. Stronger beliefs about medicines and their harmful effects have been associated with higher levels of nonadherence. Objective: Explore general beliefs about medicines, and their recommendation by doctors among the Portuguese general population (age > 18 years) who use community pharmacy. Methodology: The two subscales, “general overuse” and general harm”, of the “The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire” (BMQ) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used. IBM SPSS 26 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 847 Portuguese adults participated, 331 (39,1%) were 25-44 years of age; 427 (50,4%) concluded secondary education, and 198 (23,4%) reported having a chronic condition. The majority of participants endorse the belief that most medicines are addictive, and a large percentage agreed that they are toxic, that doctors overprescribed and could benefit from hearing patients; and that natural remedies are safer than medicines. Differences were found considering age (p=0,093), sex(p=0,08), and having active working (p=0,045) with stronger beliefs in young adults and adults, in males and no active workers. No differences were found considering the presence/absence of chronic disease". These results are discussed considering their possible contribution to the promotion of adherence through better communication with doctors, nurses, and pharmacists.
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