ESELx - Capítulos ou partes de livros
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- Que razões para preservar a biodiversidade? Discussão a partir de resultados de uma investigaçãoPublication . Almeida, AntónioAs razões para preservar a biodiversidade podem ser diversas. Partindo de três perspectivas distintas - antropocêntrica, biocêntrica e ecocêntrica - na forma de conceber a relação do homem com a natureza e, consequentemente a biodiversidade, esta comunicação apresenta os resultados de uma investigação que pretendeu verificar com qual das perspectivas referidas mais se identificavam professores provenientes dos diferentes ciclos de escolaridade não superior.
- Invented spelling and perspectives on spelling development: The necessity of an integrated cognitive modelPublication . Silva, Ana Cristina; Almeida, Tiago; Martins, Margarida AlvesThere are several models about the mechanism that make pre-school children evolve regarding the quality of their invented spelling. Ehri's teorical perspective (1997) describes the development of children's spelling skills in terms of their increasing ability to map sounds of words to phonetically appropriate letters. According to this perspective, written language is conceived as an instrument for translating oral language and phonological awareness determines the precision of invented spelling. This model neglects linguistic variables that might influence children ability to analyse the oral and written language and also does not conceive children's reflection about written code as a factor of evolution. The constructivist perspective from Ferreiro (1988), emphasizes the importance of internal conflict between different criterion about the organization of the alphabetic code. For instance, the repetition of the same vowel in syllabic phonetised writing might cause a conflict in children's thinking with another criterion that they attaint, related with the variation of letters within the written word (e.g. Nunes Carraher and Rego (1984) cited a Portuguese-speaking child who spelled urubu 'vulture' as UUU). This conflict might lead children to analyse syllables in their phonemes and became a source for an alphabetic approach of writing. This and other conflicts are the main factor, from the point of view of this theory, for the evolution of children's conceptions about written language. However those mechanisms are described independently of children ability to analyse oral words or the frequency of words and the articulatory properties of phonemes that integrate those words. On the other hand, Polo, Kessler and Treiman (2005), think that that statistical learning skills exists from an early age. These skills are applied in learning to spell, as in other tasks. This perspective emphasizes that children's writing reflects the characteristics of the input to which they have been exposed as they try to find meaningful patterns in regularities of written language. These regularities give children information about graphical as well as phonological patterns of the language in which they reflected their very early spellings. However, this perspective never analyses the nature of children thinking and how that reflects their approach to written language. It is quite important to create a model that integrates these several contribution. © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
- Jogos de imagens e espelhos : um olhar sociológico sobre a infância e as crianças em PortugalPublication . Tomás, Catarina; Fernandes, Natália; Sarmento, Manuel JacintoEste texto procura caracterizar a situação da infância em Portugal a partir de um conjunto alargado de indicadores. A demografia será um deles, reflletindo acerca da tendência de acelerada diminuição do número de crianças em Portugal. Detemo-nos depois nas transformações da estrutura familiar e nas práticas de educação familiar das crianças. seguidamente analisamos a evolução da legislação portuguesa, caracterizando-a nos planos da educação, saúde e justiça. A análise das políticas de protecção confronta-nos de seguida, com as políticas para as crianças 'das margens' face ao mau-trato e à negligência. Antes de concluirmos, apresentamos alguns indicadores da relação da criança com a cultura
- Escola a tempo Inteiro: problematização de um “modelo” de implementaçãoPublication . Pires, CarlosO presente texto é um contributo para a compreensão dos processos de concepção e execução duma política pública de educação conduzida pelo Governo e enquadra-se no campo mais vasto de uma investigação em curso. É apresentado e problematizado um “modelo” de implementação do conceito de Escola a Tempo Inteiro (ETI), a partir das representações dos princípios que lhe estão subjacentes (decorrentes das retóricas do discurso oficial) confrontando-o com as representações de outros actores que marcam as suas posições e explicitam as suas lógicas de argumentação reportadas a outros referenciais.
- Extraposition of restrictive relative clauses in the history of PortuguesePublication . Cardoso, AdrianaThis chapter investigates a specific change that took place in the history of Portuguese involving the extraposition of restrictive relative clauses. From an empirical point of view, it is shown that earlier stages of Portuguese contrast with contemporary European Portuguese with respect to the following properties: (i) definiteness effect; (ii) extraposition from prepositional phrases; and (iii) extraposition from pre-verbal constituents. From a theoretical point of view, it is demonstrated no syntactic structure alone can derive the contrasting properties of extraposition. To account for the variation found in the diachronic and cross-linguistic dimension, it is argued that extraposition of restrictive relative clauses may involve two different structures: the specifying coordination plus ellipsis (De Vries 2002) and stranding (Kayne 1994). Languages and different stages of the same language may then diverge with respect to the structure they display.
- A reintrodução de espécies em Portugal: posicionamento de alunos do 6º e 11º ano de escolaridadePublication . Almeida, António; Vasconcelos, ClaraO ser humano tem sido responsável pela extinção de múltiplas espécies, nomeadamente daquelas que, vivendo em ambiente terrestre, apresentam um maior porte. O território português não tem sido excepção a esta tendência, tendo algumas das extinções ocorrido há já alguns séculos, motivadas, por exemplo, pela caça excessiva. Outras, mais recentes, decorrem essencialmente da intervenção humana no território e que se tem pautado pelo aumento da sua fragmentação ecológica e modificação do coberto vegetal. A presente comunicação focaliza a sua atenção no que ocorreu em Portugal com três espécies emblemáticas de mamíferos da Península Ibérica: a cabra-montês (Capra pyrenaica), o urso pardo (Ursus arctus) e o lince Ibérico (Lynx pardinus). A cabra-montês é uma relíquia do último período glaciar. Após o recuo dos gelos, só os cumes serranos mais elevados da península permitiram as condições necessárias para a sua sobrevivência (Caetano e Ferreira, 2003). A subespécie Capra pyrenaica lusitanica existente no Gerês extinguiu-se no final do século XIX. Tentativas para a reintrodução da cabra-montês a partir de uma subespécie existente em Espanha fracassaram. Contudo, a sua reintrodução na Galiza, a partir de um programa iniciado em 1992, revelou-se particularmente eficaz. De facto, segundo estimativas apresentadas por Gama (2008), o número de cabras selvagens existentes em Portugal ou na zona fronteiriça ascendia há três anos a perto de 400 indivíduos. Ainda assim, uma vez que a reintrodução partiu de 18 animais, o perigo resultante da consanguinidade é real, pelo que novas reintroduções são defendidas a fim de assegurar a continuidade da espécie em território português.
- Biocentric reasoning in children: implications in science and environmental educationPublication . Almeida, António; Strecht-Ribeiro, Orlando; Vasconcelos, ClaraThis study aimed to verify the incidence of biocentric reasoning (centred on the welfare of the animals) in 91 children, aged between 8 and 10, attending the 3rd and 4th years in a primary school of Lisbon, Portugal, and is the continuity of another study promoted by the authors. To do that, a questionnaire was applied, inquiring about the type of places where the children contact with animals and their opinion about the human behaviour in three different situations involving animals (dilemmas). The results have shown that the majority of children had a small contact with natural and semi-natural places, and the majority only went to places where nature is managed, like zoos and similar parks. This experience seems to be responsible for inappropriate ideas about zoos, considered by some children the ideal place to keep wild animals because there they are well treated and safer from predators. However, and globally, the incidence of biocentric reasoning in the dilemmas is high, proving its increasing in situations in which human action is considered selfish or inappropriate, but it also is affected by the species presented (the empathy factor seems to be important as well). Implications of these results for Science and Environmental Education are also discussed.
- Promoção do pensamento crítico de alunos de Ciência da NaturezaPublication . Pinto, Iris; Almeida, António; Vasconcelos, ClaraEste estudo teve como finalidade verificar se um conjunto de atividades construídas segundo a taxonomia de Ennis (1985, 1987) e referentes ao tema "Importância da âgua para os seres vivos" rìo âmbito da disciplina de Ciências da Natureza do 5o ano, desenvolviam o pensamento crítico dos alunos. Para tal,19 alunos (grupo experimental) vivenciaram-nas enquanto outros 19 (grupo de controlo) abordaram o referido tema apenas com recurso ao manual adotado na escola" e que se considerou não promover o referido tipo de pensamento. Após a aplicação do Teste de Pensamento Critico de Cornell (Nível X) a ambos os grupos em dois momentos distintos (pré-teste e pós-teste), verificaram-se ganhos significativos no grupo experimental em termos do nível e de alguns aspetos do pensamento critico. A inclusão de atividades como as concebidas revela-se assim importante e a sua divulgação visa motivar os professores para a construção de outras similares, em outros temas do programa.
- The contribution of the history of science to science teaching: a study on the reproduction of living beingsPublication . Silva, F.; Rodrigues, Isilda; Almeida, AntónioWe believe that the incorporation of the History of Science in education can provide students with a better understanding of the mechanisms of production and reconstruction of knowledge and contribute to preparing scientifically educated citizens and allow them to be able to make decisions about social issues based on personal understanding of scientific and technological processes about the world they live in. According to some authors the initial training of teachers of Biology / Geology, has not significantly valued the using of the History of Science as a teaching tool. This study has as main objectives to identify the level of knowledge of the sample students as far as the reproduction of living beings is concerned; to contribute to a better understanding of the scientific contents based on the History of Science and to develop materials and teaching strategies based on historical examples. The methodology used was Research – Action. The sample consisted of 18 students who attended the 11th form in a school in the municipality of Vila Real - Portugal in the academic year of 2011/12. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The data collected in the questionnaire (pre-test and post-test) were treated by qualitative content analysis and compared with those obtained in another class - pilot class. The data showed that there was a significant level of acquisition and understanding of knowledge concerning the reproduction of living beings when the History of Science was used. The knowledge of the History of Science allows us to understand the processes through which scientific ideas have been built and developed and have culminated in the current state of science. These new perspectives present new challenges to science teachers and require new approaches to their training, if we really want it to be effective and to result in better learning by students. We therefore consider it necessary to create opportunities for future teachers to reflect on the possible uses of the History of Science in order to implement it in their teaching practice.
- O estilo do crime: análise de texto em estilística forensePublication . Marquilhas, Rita; Cardoso, AdrianaText authorship identification is one of a number of techniques developed by forensic linguistics, a discipline that uses linguistic analysis to provide evidence that can be used in the dispensation of justice. In forensic stylistics, text analysts try to characterise the choices made in particular texts as unequivocally as possible, focusing upon idiosyncrasies. The safest method seems to be to combine statistical analyses (text stylometry) with the kind of stylistic research (graphic, syntactical, lexical and textual) usually used in text analysis. This paper uses this methodology to analyse a text that has circulated on the internet since 2009 under the name of journalist Clara Ferreira Alves.