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- Effective zinc-substituted keggin composite to catalyze the removal of sulfur from real diesels under a solvent-free systemPublication . Ribeiro, Susana; Granadeiro, Carlos; Almeida, Pedro L.; Pires, João; Valença, Rita; Campos-Martin, J. M.; Ribeiro, Jorge C.; De Castro, Baltazar; Balula, SaleteThe Keggin phosphotungstate (PW12) and its zinc derivative (PW11Zn) were tested as oxidative catalysts for desulfurization processes using simulated and real diesels. These compounds were used as homogeneous catalysts, while the corresponding SBA-15 composites were used as heterogeneous catalysts. The comparison of their catalytic performance demonstrated that the zinc-substituted polyoxometalate is more efficient than the plenary PW12 structure. Additionally, using the heterogeneous PW11Zn@aptesSBA-15, the sustainability and catalytic efficiency was largely improved, allowing the total sulfur removal from model diesel after 1 h using a small amount of oxidant (H2O2/S = 4) under an oxidative solvent-free system. The desulfurization of real diesels was performed under similar conditions, achieving 87.8% of efficiency using the PW11Zn@aptesSBA-15 catalyst. Furthermore, the catalyst maintained its activity over consecutive desulfurization cycles. The cost-effective operational conditions achieved with PW11Zn@aptesSBA-15 turn this into a promising material to be used in an industrial scale to treat diesel.
- Mesoporous nanosilica-supported polyoxomolybdate as catalysts for sustainable desulfurizationPublication . Mirante, Fátima; Gomes, Neide; Branco, Luis; Cunha-Silva, Luís; Almeida, Pedro L.; Pillinger, Martyn; Gago, S.; Granadeiro, Carlos; Balula, SaleteMesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) strategically functionalized were used to immobilize a homogeneous polyoxomolybdate catalyst [PMo12O40](3-) (PMo12), active but unstable. The PMo12@TBA-MSN composite (where TBA refers to surface-tethered tributylammonium groups) conferred high stability to the polyoxomolybdate catalytic center and displayed an increase in efficiency for the oxidative desulfurization (ECODS) of a diesel simulant under sustainable conditions (using H2O2 as oxidant and an ionic liquid, [BMIM]PF6, as solvent). Continuous reuse of the catalyst and ionic liquid solvent in consecutive ECODS cycles was successfully performed, avoiding the production of residual wastes. The performance of the PMo12@TBA-MSN catalyst improved upon its reuse, leading to complete desulfurization of a multicomponent model diesel containing benzothiophene derivatives after just 1 h of the catalytic stage of the process. The robust nature of the supported catalyst was indicated by characterization of the recovered solid which showed retention of the structural and chemical integrities.
- Desulfurization process conciliating heterogeneous oxidation and liquid extraction: Organic solvent or centrifugation/water?Publication . Ribeiro, Susana O.; Nogueira, Lucie S.; Gago, Sandra; Almeida, Pedro L.; Corvo, Marta C.; De Castro, Baltazar; Granadeiro, Carlos; Balula, SaleteThe present work presents a strategic oxidative desulfurization system able to efficiently operate under sustainable conditions, i.e. using an eco-friendly oxidant and without the need of extractive organic solvents. The catalytic performance of Eu(PW11O39)2@aptesSBA-15 was evaluated for the oxidative desulfurization of a multicomponent model diesel using a solvent-free or biphasic systems. The results reveal its remarkable desulfurization performance achieving complete desulfurization after just 2 h of reaction. Moreover, the composite has shown a high recycling ability without loss of catalytic activity for ten consecutive ODS cycles. Interestingly, under solvent-free conditions it was possible to maintain the desulfurization efficiency of the biphasic system while being able to avoid the use of harmful organic solvents. In this case, a successful extraction of oxidized sulfur compounds was found conciliating centrifugation and water as extraction solvent. Therefore, this work reports an important step towards the development of novel eco-sustainable desulfurization systems with high industrial interest.
- Oxidative desulfurization strategies using Keggin-type polyoxometalate catalysts: Biphasic versus solvent-free systemsPublication . Ribeiro, Susana; Granadeiro, Carlos; Almeida, Pedro L.; Pires, João; Capel-Sanchez, Maria C.; Campos-Martin, J. M.; Gago, S.; De Castro, Baltazar; Balula, SaleteStrategic polyoxometalate Keggin-type structural modification was performed to increase the oxidative catalytic performance to desulfurize model and real diesels. The most active lacunar structure [PW11O39](7-) (PW11) showed to complete desulfurize a simulated diesel after 60 min at 70 degrees C. Its application as homogeneous catalyst using a biphasic system 1: 1 diesel/acetonitrile needed to use an excess of oxidant (ratio H2O2/S = 8). The immobilization of the PW11 on amine-functionalized SBA-15 supports originated two heterogeneous catalysts PW11@aptesSBA-15 and PW11@tbaSBA-15. The best results were attained with the PW11@aptesSBA-15 catalyst showing identical oxidative desulfurization performance as the homogeneous analogue. As advantage, this heterogeneous catalyst promotes the complete desulfurization of simulated diesel using a solvent-free system, i.e. without the need of acetonitrile use. On the other hand, the same desulfurization efficiency could be achieved using half the amount of oxidant (H2O2/S = 4). The oxidative desulfurization of the real diesel achieved a remarkable 83.4% of efficiency after just 2 h. The recycling capacity of PW11@aptesSBA-15 catalyst was confirmed for eight consecutive cycles using the biphasic and the solvent-free systems. Its stability investigation demonstrates to be higher under the solvent-free system than the biphasic system, without practically any occurrence of PW11 leaching in the first case. On the other hand, the Venturello peroxocomplex [PO4{W(O-2)(2)}(4)](3-), recognized as active intermediate in the homogeneous biphasic system, was not identified in the heterogeneous catalytic systems.
- Efficient heterogeneous polyoxometalate-hybrid catalysts for the oxidative desulfurization of fuelsPublication . Mirante, Fátima; Dias, Luís; Silva, Mariana; Ribeiro, Susana; Corvo, Marta C.; De Castro, Baltazar; Granadeiro, Carlos; Balula, SaleteThe heterogenization of the highly active monovacant polyoxotungstate ([PW11O39](7-), abbreviated as PW11) was achieved by preparing the corresponding long chain quaternary ammonium salt (ODA(7)PW(11), ODA = CH3(CH2)(17)(CH3)(3)N). The complete cation exchange confers total heterogeneity to the monovacant catalyst while keeping its oxidative catalytic activity. In fact, the heterogeneous catalyst allowed for the complete desulfurization of a multicomponent model diesel (2000 ppm S) after 40 min of reaction, conciliating extraction (using BMIMPF6 solvent) and oxidation (ECODS process using H2O2 oxidant). The heterogeneous catalyst has shown a superior desulfurization performance when compared with the homogeneous quaternary ammonium TBAPW(11) catalyst (TBA = (C4H9)(4) N). Both hybrid catalysts have been successfully reused in consecutive ECODS cycles. Additionally, the long carbon chain cations provide a protective environment around the polyoxometalate allowing for ODA(7)PW(11) to retain its heterogeneity and structure after the ECODS process.
- A novel red emitting material based on polyoxometalate@periodic mesoporous organosilicaPublication . Granadeiro, Carlos; Ribeiro, Susana; Kaczmarek, Anna M.; Cunha-Silva, Luis; Almeida, Pedro L.; Gago, Sandra; Van Deun, Rik; De Castro, Baltazar; Balula, SaleteThe first lanthanopolyoxometalate-supported bifunctional periodic mesoporous organosilica (BPMO) composite is here reported. The incorporation of decatunsgstoeuropate anions ([Eu(W5O18)(2)](9-)) within the porous channels of an ethylene-bridged TIVIAPS-functionalized BPMO produced a luminescent material exhibiting a strong red emission under UV irradiation. Photoluminescence studies showed an efficient energy transfer process to the lanthanide emitting center in the material (antenna effect). A significant change in the coordination environment of Eu3+ ions was observed after its incorporation into the TMAPS-functionalized material. The possible reason for this is discussed within the paper.
- Vanadium C-scorpionate supported on mesoporous aptes-functionalized SBA-15 as catalyst for the peroxidative oxidation of benzyl alcoholPublication . Correia, Luís M. M.; Soliman, Mohamed Mostafa Aboelhassan; Granadeiro, Carlos; Balula, Salete; Martins, Luisa; Pombeiro, Armando; Alegria, ElisabeteThe neutral trichloro[hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)methane]vanadium(III) [VCl3(Tpm)] (Tpm = HC(pz)(3); pz = pyrazolyl) C-scorpionate complex was immobilized on amine-functionalized mesoporous silica (aptesSBA-15) via an impregnation method forming the [VCl3(Tpm)]@aptesSBA-15 composite. The immobilization of the vanadium compound was confirmed by several characterization techniques, namely SEM/EDS, powder XRD, FT-IR/ATR, ICP and BET surface area analysis, revealing the successful incorporation of the complex, and confirming the structural and morphological preservation of the porous support and the vanadium complex. The vanadium composite was tested as heterogeneous catalyst for the peroxidative oxidation of benzyl alcohol under mild conditions and its catalytic performance was compared to that of the analogous homogeneous [VCl3(Tpm)] complex. The catalytic studies were extended to other substrates. The effect of various parameters, such as amount and type of oxidant, catalyst and additives, temperature and reaction time were investigated allowing to reach overall yields of ca. 60% and turnover numbers (TONs) up to ca. 7.6 x 10(3). The results obtained demonstrated the higher performance of the heterogeneous catalyst using much less [VCl3(Tpm)] complex under a solvent-free system. Furthermore, consecutive reaction cycles could be performed, showing its recycling capacity. Structural stability was also investigated, indicating the viability of the vanadium C-scorpionate composite as catalyst for other oxidative reactions with high industrial interest.
- Vanadium(V) complexes supported on porous MIL-100(Fe) as catalysts for the selective oxidation of toluenePublication . Sutradhar, Manas; Marques, Guilherme; Soliman, Mohamed M. A.; Guedes Da Silva, M. Fátima C.; Flores, Daniela S. S.; Granadeiro, Carlos; Balula, Salete; Pombeiro, Armando; Alegria, ElisabeteThe vanadium(V) complexes bearing the aroylhydrazone Schiff base 2-hydroxy-N'-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl) methylene)benzohydrazide ligand [VO(OMe)L] (1) and [Et3NH][VO2L] (2) were synthesized, characterized and supported on porous MIL-100(Fe) forming the 1@MIL-100(Fe) and 2@MIL-100(Fe) composites. The outcome of such immobilizations was assessed by several characterization techniques, namely powder X-ray diffraction, UV/ Vis, FTIR, SEM-EDS, ICP and BET surface area analysis, confirming the successful heterogenization of both va-nadium complexes. They were screened as catalysts towards the oxidation of toluene, under homogenous (1 and 2) and heterogeneous (1@MIL-100 and 2@MIL-100) conditions. The influence of several parameters, namely the type and amount of catalyst or oxidant, reaction time, temperature, and radical trapping, was studied. The main products obtained were benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. Under the optimized conditions, using 1 and 2 as homogeneous catalysts, total yields of 19 and 23%, respectively, were achieved at 80 degrees C after 6 h. Using 1@MIL100(Fe) and 2@MIL100(Fe) composites under heterogeneous conditions, total yields up to 11% after 24 h, were achieved.
- Large-pore silica spheres as support for samarium-coordinated undecamolybdophosphate: Oxidative desulfurization of dieselsPublication . Mirante, Fátima; Alves, Ana C.; Julião, Diana; Almeida, Pedro L.; Gago, S.; Valença, Rita; Ribeiro, Jorge; De Castro, Baltazar; Granadeiro, Carlos; Balula, SaleteA novel composite has been prepared through the immobilization of the Keggin sandwich-type [Sm (PMo11O39)(2)](11-) anion (SmPOM) on large-pore silica spheres previously functionalized with trimethylammonium groups (TMA). The resulting SmPOM@TMA-LPMS material has been evaluated as heterogeneous catalyst in a biphasic desulfurization 1:1 diesel/extraction solvent system using H2O2 as oxidant. Preliminary experiments were conducted with different extraction solvents, acetonitrile and [BMIM]PF6 ionic liquid. The optimized extractive and catalytic oxidative desulfurization system (ECODS) with [BMIM]PF6 was able to reach complete sulfur removal from a model diesel containing 2100 ppm S in just 60 min (10 min of initial extraction + 50 min of catalytic step). The reutilization of catalyst and extraction phase has been successfully performed without loss of desulfurization efficiency in consecutive cycles, turning the process more sustainable and cog-effective. The remarkable results with simulated diesel have motivated the application of the catalyst in the desulfurization of untreated real diesel and 74% of efficiency was achieved after only 2 h for three consecutive cycles.