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- As jornalistas portuguesas à mercê do discurso abusivo ou do "assédio" online dos públicos: elementos para uma cartografiaPublication . Subtil, Filipa Mónica de Brito Gonçalves; Silveirinha, Maria JoãoAs palavras que hoje aqui vos dirijo têm como tópico a violência online contra as mulheres jornalistas. Apresento-vos alguns resultados de um projeto intitulado “O género nas pandemias de ódio: media sociais, covid-19 e as mulheres jornalistas”, financiado pela agência portuguesa para a investigação científica – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia. O projeto teve o seu principio após um ano do início da pandemia de COVID-19, e resultou da constatação, plasmada em vários relatórios e pesquisas internacionais, dos impactos da pandemia sobre o jornalismo, destacando o agravamento dos fenómenos de discurso de ódio online sobre os seus profissionais, visando particularmente as mulheres jornalistas. Começo por enquadrar teoricamente o problema da violência online. Esta violência toma várias formas e tem cada vez maior expressão nas sociedades contemporâneas. O aumento deste fenómeno tem vindo a ser identificado em vários contextos nacionais e não se circunscreve apenas às redes sociais digitais. Devido à importância crescente do jornalismo dito digital, assistiu-se, nas últimas décadas, ao aumento da proximidade entre os profissionais do jornalismo e os seus leitores, ouvintes e telespectadores. As/ os jornalistas estão agora mais expostos à violência online. Entre eles/elas e os seus públicos são muito escassas as formas mediação ou proteção. Este é, do nosso ponto de vista, mais um sintoma da crise da atual fragilidade da intermediação jornalística. Várias noções têm sido usadas para a descrição do fenómeno da linguagem ofensiva online, tais como incivilidade, flaming, online vitriol, trolling e discurso de ódio. Estes termos são utilizados de forma abrangente e pouco precisa para referir comportamentos de assédio online, incluindo o discurso de ódio. Na realidade, não existe uma definição unívoca para este tipo de comportamentos. É um conceito controverso quer do ponto de vista legal, quer científico. Quando pensamos no jornalismo, é talvez mais proveitoso e capta melhor os problemas que aqui se colocam se nos referirmos a “discurso abusivo” ou de assédio dos públicos e dos seus atores individuais ou coletivos sobre este grupo profissional.
- It’s normal unless it turns into physical aggression: a study of Portuguese Journalists’ perceptions of (gendered) online harassmentPublication . Sampaio-Dias, Susana; Silveirinha, Maria João; Miranda, João; Cerqueira, Carla; Subtil, Filipa Mónica de Brito Gonçalves; Amaral, Inês; Garcez, Bibiana; Dias, Bruno S. N.In January 2021, while the country’s daily Covid-19 numbers were hitting record highs, Portugal headed to the polls to elect its future head of state. The campaign was marked by the actions and words of a new far-right party (Chega), which held a campaign characterised by violent incidents with journalists. Later in the year, local elections provided new opportunities for these political actors to confront journalists and make female journalists their preferential targets. The attacks were not just face-to-face but also on social media, in reiterated hate speech messages and direct threats, particularly against female journalists (CCPJ 2021). What made these events significant is that hate speech and online harassment became more visible for both the public and journalists themselves. Having a presence online is expected if not required from journalists today. While digital networking helps establish connections and reach a wider community, it also exposes media professionals to abuse. The dangers of hate speech in journalism are well known and hate speech presents a major challenge to today's journalists (Holton, 2021), as it became their “new normal” (Waisbord, 2020). Women in particular are preferential targets of trolls (Nadim e Fladmoe, 2019; Edström, 2016; UNESCO, 2021; Chen et al, 2020; Adams, 2018). Under different names, such as cyber gender harassment (Citron, 2011) or gendertrolling (Mantilla, 2013), the consequences of gender-based online hate speech hate are not only to female journalists’ mental health and psychological wellbeing but also on public life, as it may have a “chilling effect” in limiting the types of stories and topics that are covered (Townend, 2017; UNESCO, 2021). With few exceptions (Simões, 2021; Silva, 2021), little is known about online violence against Portuguese journalists. This research examines how online abuse is experienced and tackled by Portuguese journalists by measuring self-reported incidents, effects, and trust in existing safety mechanisms. Further, we specifically address the prevalence of online harassment and violence against women journalists and their perceptions of the issue. Theoretically, the article bridges the research on online harassment, mob censorship and gender in journalism. Empirically, it draws on a nationwide survey of journalists and, to explore in more detail the meanings of its quantitative data and the gender aspects of experience. Findings are combined with data from semi-structured interviews conducted with women journalists from diverse media and fields. Professionals feel an increasing hostility aggravated by the digital environment. Half of the surveyed journalists have experienced online violence to some degree, including sexual harassment. Journalists further evidenced low levels of trust in protection mechanisms or a lack of awareness of them. Findings also suggest feelings of resignation towards online abuse, seen as intrinsic to the job, demonstrating a sense of understatement of the attacks. The paper argues that these sentiments contribute to a normalisation of online violence and highlights the need to discuss online abuse within the profession.
- “Journalists are prepared for critical situations … but we are not prepared for this”: empirical and structural dimensions of gendered online harassmentPublication . Sampaio-Dias, Susana; Silveirinha, Maria João; Garcez, Bibiana; Subtil, Filipa Mónica de Brito Gonçalves; Miranda, João; Cerqueira, CarlaThis article discusses online harassment against women journalistsexploring self-reported incidents, effects, and trust in safetymechanisms. Drawing on twenty-five semi-structured interviewsof women journalists in Portugal, we use a feminist and criticalrealist framework to explore the causal structures and generativemechanisms that explain their vulnerability to online abuse. Weidentify three overarching themes: increasing visibility in acontext of higher hostility towards journalism and insufficientsafety mechanisms; intersectional gender inequality and culturalmores that foster it; and (individual) responses to harassment.These themes show that women journalists’actions are bothconstrained and enabled by existing structures and culturalattitudes. While they tend to deny harassment is caused by theirgender, seeing it mainly because of their job, they admit thesexualised and gendered nature of the insults, seeing this as anadded offence not experienced by their male counterparts. Theyalso see harassment as a continuation of inequality and prevailingsexism andfind the protection mechanisms insufficient andineffective. As a result, they assume an extra burden of emotionallabour to deal with online bullying, admitting self-censoring andthe need to develop resilience strategies.
- Profissionalização e desprofissionalização das jornalistas em Portugal: uma revisitação em tempos de pandemiaPublication . Subtil, Filipa Mónica de Brito Gonçalves; Silveirinha, Maria JoãoRetomamos este texto em 2021, três anos depois de o termos escrito. Fazemo-lo perante a necessidade que sentimos de insistir nos caminhos que tínhamos explorado e ainda porque a emergência da pandemia de COVID-19 trouxe novos elementos que reforçam as nossas preocupações. Embora tenhamos mantido grande parte do texto inicial, procuramos aprofundar as reflexões sobre um campo que, estando sempre em movimento, importa compreender melhor. À semelhança do que ocorreu de forma transversal em todos os setores da sociedade, a crise pandémica, e os momentos de confinamento a que ela obrigou, deu visibilidade a muitos dos constrangimentos que as mulheres sofrem na profissão e que são o tema do presente texto. "É um período que traz à tona as dificuldades mais graves de um setor já precário e frágil”, dizia uma jornalista portuguesa num inquérito da Federação Internacional de Jornalistas realizado neste período.
- Journalists are prepared for critical situations … but we are not prepared for this: empirical and structural dimensions of gendered online HarassmentPublication . Sampaio-Dias, Susana; Silveirinha, Maria João; Garcez, Bibiana; Subtil, Filipa; Miranda, João; Cerqueira, CarlaThis article discusses online harassment against women journalists exploring self-reported incidents, effects, and trust in safety mechanisms. Drawing on twenty-five semi-structured interviews of women journalists in Portugal, we use a feminist and critical realist framework to explore the causal structures and generative mechanisms that explain their vulnerability to online abuse. We identify three overarching themes: increasing visibility in a context of higher hostility towards journalism and insufficient safety mechanisms; intersectional gender inequality and cultural mores that foster it; and (individual) responses to harassment. These themes show that women journalists’ actions are both constrained and enabled by existing structures and cultural attitudes. While they tend to deny harassment is caused by their gender, seeing it mainly because of their job, they admit the sexualised and gendered nature of the insults, seeing this as an added offence not experienced by their male counterparts. They also see harassment as a continuation of inequality and prevailing sexism and find the protection mechanisms insufficient and ineffective. As a result, they assume an extra burden of emotional labour to deal with online bullying, admitting self-censoring and the need to develop resilience strategies.