Browsing by Author "Veiga, Ana Costa"
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- Antineoplastic drugs contamination of workplace surfaces in two Portuguese hospitalsPublication . Viegas, Susana; Pádua, Mário; Veiga, Ana Costa; Carolino, Elisabete; Gomes, MárioDespite the classification as known or suspected human carcinogens, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the antineoplastic drugs are extensively used in cancer treatment due to their specificity and efficacy. As human carcinogens, these drugs represent a serious threat to the healthcare workers involved in their preparation and administration. This work aims to contribute to better characterize the occupational exposure of healthcare professionals to antineoplastic drugs, by assessing workplace surfaces contamination of pharmacy and administration units of two Portuguese hospitals. Surface contamination was assessed by the determination of cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel. These three drugs were used as surrogate markers for surfaces contamination by cytotoxic drugs. Wipe samples were taken and analyzed by HPLCDAD. From the total of 327 analyzed samples, in 121 (37%) was possible to detect and quantify at least one drug. Additionally, 28 samples (8.6 %) indicate contamination by more than one antineoplastic drug, mainly in the administration unit, in both hospitals. Considering the findings in both hospitals, specific measures should be taken, particularly those related with the promotion of good practices and safety procedures and also routine monitoring of surfaces contamination in order to guarantee the appliance of safety measures.
- Exposição profissional a citostáticos: caracterização da exposição em unidades hospitalares portuguesasPublication . Prista, João; Suspiro, Alexandra; Veiga, Ana Costa; Ladeira, Carina; Nunes, Carla; Pedro, João de Almeida; Gomes, Mário; Pádua, Mário; Brito, Miguel; Gato, Sara; Viegas, SusanaOs citotóxicos constituem um grupo farmacoterapêutico que interfere por vários mecanismos de ação com o DNA, levando à destruição celular. Estes agentes terapêuticos são preparados diariamente em Unidades Hospitalares Portuguesas, e utilizados no tratamento de várias doenças, nomeadamente neoplasias. Dependendo do mecanismo de ação, estes fármacos podem ser agrupados em vários subgrupos: agentes alquilantes, antibióticos, antimetabolitos, geradores de radicais livres e inibidores mitóticos (Despacho nº 21 844/2004). Os agentes alquilantes interagem diretamente com o DNA de células tumorais; os antibióticos interferem com a transcrição de DNA; os antimetabolitos bloqueiam a síntese de DNA e RNA; os geradores de radicais livres produzem radicais livres reactivos que se ligam ao DNA e, finalmente, os inibidores mitóticos actuam no mecanismo mitótico necessário à cariocinese. Os fármacos antineoplásicos são cada vez mais utilizados quer na terapêutica de doenças malignas quer com intuitos profiláticos (terapêutica adjuvante) e num espetro crescente de patologia benigna (doenças autoimunes, doenças inflamatórias crónicas do foro gastroenterológico ou reumatológico, entre outras). Têm em comum o facto de poderem lesar o genoma celular (efeito genotóxico). Idealmente, deveriam afetar apenas as células neoplásicas; os fármacos disponíveis, no entanto, embora afetem preferencialmente as células malignas, são relativamente inespecíficos, afetando simultaneamente o genoma das células normais e condicionando assim efeitos adversos para a saúde quer dos doentes tratados quer dos profissionais de saúde a eles expostos. Neste contexto importa aprofundar o saber em 3 vertentes essenciais: a caracterização das exposições, os critérios de avaliação das repercussões sobre o organismo e os processos de organização dos programas preventivos. O estudo que se apresenta visou, assim, desenvolver conhecimento nas 3 vertentes assinaladas, designadamente, a exposição, a monitorização biológica e a programação da prevenção. Julgámos relevante o seu desenvolvimento face a dois grandes aspectos, designadamente a atualidade do estudo científico e a inexistência de estudos sobre esta realidade em hospitais portugueses. O estudo que se propôs pretendeu contribuir para a caracterização da exposição a citotóxicos num contexto profissional específico (salas limpas da Farmácia Hospitalar e Hospitais de Dia), identificando os fatores que a condicionam e os eventuais efeitos para a saúde dos trabalhadores decorrentes dessa exposição.
- How to deal with uncertainties regarding the occupational exposure to antineoplastic mixtures: additive effect should always be considered?Publication . Ladeira, Carina; Viegas, Susana; Veiga, Ana CostaRisk assessment considerations - The concept that “safe levels of exposure” for humans can be identified for individual chemicals is central to the risk assessment of compounds with known toxicological profiles. Selection of agents for combination chemotherapy regimens involves minimize overlapping of mechanisms of action, antitumor activity and toxicity profile. Although the toxicological profile and mechanism of action of each individual drug is well characterized, the toxicological interactions between drugs are likely, but poorly established at occupational exposure context. The synergistic nature of interactions may help in understanding the adverse health effects observed in healthcare workers, where exposure situations are characterized by complex mixtures of chemical agents, and the levels of individual exposing agents are often not sufficiently high to explain the health complaints. However, if a substance is a genotoxic carcinogen, this would be the “lead effect”; normally, no OEL based on a NOEL would be derived and the level would be set so low that it would be unlikely that other effects would be expected. Aim of the study - Recently research project developed in Portuguese Hospitals characterize the occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents and the health effects related. The project aimed to assess exposure of the different risk groups that handle antineoplastic agents in the hospital setting, namely during preparation and administration of these drugs. Here it is presented and discussed the results in a study developed in two hospitals from Lisbon.
- Pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysisPublication . Areias, C.; Veiga, Ana Costa; Nunes, C.; Briz, T.Objectives - To identify associated factors for PTB in studies published recently and to quantify significant combined measures for PTB risk factors previously identified.
- Pulmonary tuberculosis in Continental Portugal 2000-2010: temporal trends clustering as a tool for control evaluationPublication . Areias, C.; Nunes, C.; Veiga, Ana Costa; Briz, T.Clustering analysis is a useful tool to detect and monitor disease patterns and, consequently, to contribute for an effective population disease management. Portugal has the highest incidence of tuberculosis in the European Union (in 2012, 21.6 cases per 100.000 inhabitants), although it has been decreasing consistently. Two critical PTB (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) areas, metropolitan Oporto and metropolitan Lisbon regions, were previously identified through spatial and space-time clustering for PTB incidence rate and risk factors. Identifying clusters of temporal trends can further elucidate policy makers about municipalities showing a faster or a slower TB control improvement.
- Treatment outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysisPublication . Veiga, Ana Costa; Areias, Cristiana; Briz, Teodoro; Nunes, CarlaIntroduction - The increasing of TB burden is usually related to inadequate case detection, diagnosis and cure. Global targets for TB control, adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO), are to detect 70% of the estimated incidence of sputum smear-positive TB and to cure 85% of newly detected cases of sputum smear-positive TB. Factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes are closely related to TB risk factors. Objectives - To describe treatment success rates in pulmonary TB cases and to identify factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes, according to ad-hoc studies.
- Who are the patients that default tuberculosis treatment? – Space matters!Publication . Nunes, C.; Duarte, R.; Veiga, Ana Costa; Taylor, B.The goals of this article are: (i) to understand how individual characteristics affect the likelihood of patients defaulting their pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) treatment regimens; (ii) to quantify the predictive capacity of these risk factors; and (iii) to quantify and map spatial variation in the risk of defaulting. We used logistic regression models and generalized additive models with a spatial component to determine the odds of default across continental Portugal. We focused on new PTB cases, diagnosed between 2000 and 2013, and included some individual information (sex, age, residence area, alcohol abuse, intravenous drug use, homelessness, HIV, imprisonment status). We found that the global default rate was 4·88%, higher in individuals with well-known risk profiles (males, immigrants, HIV positive, homeless, prisoners, alcohol and drug users). Of specific epidemiological interest was that our geographical analysis found that Portugal's main urban areas (the two biggest cities) and one tourist region have higher default rates compared to the rest of the country, after adjusting for the previously mentioneded risk factors. The challenge of treatment defaulting, either due to other individual non-measured characteristics, healthcare system failure or patient recalcitrance requires further analysis in the spatio-temporal domain. Our findings suggest the presence of significant within-country variation in the risk of defaulting that cannot be explained by these classical individual risk factors alone. The methods we advocate are simple to implement and could easily be applied to other diseases.