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Descarbonização em processos de elevada intensidade energética na indústria: estudo de alternativas
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O fenómeno das alterações climáticas tem-se agravado, podendo tornar-se irreversível. O principal gás de efeito de estufa emitido para a atmosfera é o CO2, sendo 24,2% destas emissões provenientes da indústria. As indústrias do Aço e do Cimento possuem um elevado consumo energéticas e são responsáveis por uma grande parcela dessas emissões, tornando prioritária a sua descarbonização para mitigar as alterações climáticas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das alternativas para descarbonizar estas indústrias, identificar os métodos mais eficientes existentes atualmente, bem como alternativas futuras. Medidas de mitigação incluem o uso de Hidrogénio Verde, Captura de Carbono e Substituição de combustíveis. Na indústria de aço, o Hidrogénio Verde pode permitir a descarbonização total através da redução direta do minério de ferro, contudo os custos elevados e dificuldades no transporte dificulta a sua adoção. Até que a tecnologia seja viável, outras medidas, como a captura e armazenamento de CO2, são necessárias. Simultaneamente, é essencial proceder à substituição dos combustíveis fósseis por combustíveis renováveis, conseguindo superar os desafios técnicos presentes relativos à utilização do hidrogénio. Na indústria cimenteira, as emissões de CO2 resultam da queima de combustível e da produção de clínquer. A substituição de combustíveis por resíduos pode reduzir as emissões de CO2 até três vezes, bem como eliminando a necessidade de tratamento de resíduos. Contudo, o maior obstáculo é a redução das emissões na produção de clínquer, que emite CO2 proveniente da reação do calcário. Alternativas incluem cimentos à base de argila calcinada, que reduzem a quantidade de clínquer no cimento, e o uso do Looping de Cálcio para capturar CO2, devido à sua sinergia com a produção de cimento.
Abstract The phenomenon of climate change has worsened in recent years and may become irreversible. The main greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere is CO2, with 24.2% of these emissions coming from industrial sector. The two industries with the highest energy consumption responsible for CO2 emissions are the steel and cement industries. Thus, reducing carbon emissions is a priority to mitigate the phenomenon of climate change. This work aims to study the alternatives that exist to decarbonize these industries and identify the most efficient methods currently available, as well as future alternatives. Currently, it is urgent to adopt mitigation measures in these industries, such as the use of Green Hydrogen, Carbon Capture, and alternative fuels. In the steel production industry, it is possible to use Hydrogen, potentially achieving total decarbonization through direct iron ore reduction. However, there are challenges such as the high cost of this solution and the technical requirements that make Hydrogen transport difficult, necessitating to adopt other measures until this technology becomes more reliable and available. Meanwhile it’s important to capture the produced CO2 and subsequently storing and using it. Simultaneously, to reduce emissions, it is essential to replace fossil fuels with renewable fuels, being the final goal to burn hydrogen as a fuel. The cement industry has two main processes contributing to CO2 emissions: fuel combustion and clinker production. Fuel combustion can generate three times fewer emissions by using unwanted waste, as well as eliminating waste streams that require treatment. Reducing emissions associated with clinker production is the main obstacle to decarbonization in this industry, which directly emits CO2 from limestone. It is essential to find alternatives that use less clinker, such as clay-based cements. In this paradigm, it is important to capture CO2 through Calcium Looping, due to its synergy with the cement production.
Abstract The phenomenon of climate change has worsened in recent years and may become irreversible. The main greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere is CO2, with 24.2% of these emissions coming from industrial sector. The two industries with the highest energy consumption responsible for CO2 emissions are the steel and cement industries. Thus, reducing carbon emissions is a priority to mitigate the phenomenon of climate change. This work aims to study the alternatives that exist to decarbonize these industries and identify the most efficient methods currently available, as well as future alternatives. Currently, it is urgent to adopt mitigation measures in these industries, such as the use of Green Hydrogen, Carbon Capture, and alternative fuels. In the steel production industry, it is possible to use Hydrogen, potentially achieving total decarbonization through direct iron ore reduction. However, there are challenges such as the high cost of this solution and the technical requirements that make Hydrogen transport difficult, necessitating to adopt other measures until this technology becomes more reliable and available. Meanwhile it’s important to capture the produced CO2 and subsequently storing and using it. Simultaneously, to reduce emissions, it is essential to replace fossil fuels with renewable fuels, being the final goal to burn hydrogen as a fuel. The cement industry has two main processes contributing to CO2 emissions: fuel combustion and clinker production. Fuel combustion can generate three times fewer emissions by using unwanted waste, as well as eliminating waste streams that require treatment. Reducing emissions associated with clinker production is the main obstacle to decarbonization in this industry, which directly emits CO2 from limestone. It is essential to find alternatives that use less clinker, such as clay-based cements. In this paradigm, it is important to capture CO2 through Calcium Looping, due to its synergy with the cement production.
Description
Trabalho de Projeto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia da Qualidade e Ambiente
Keywords
Descarbonização Indústria do aço Indústria cimenteira Hidrogénio verde Captura de carbono Decarbonization Steel industry Cement industry Green hydrogen Carbon capture
Citation
SILVA, Vladimir Olegovich Evskin Pinto da – Descarbonização em processos de elevada intensidade energética na indústria. Estudo de alternativas. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa. 2024. Dissertação de Mestrado.