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- The relevance of the European audit reform from the perspective of auditorsPublication . Nunes, Victor; Albuquerque, Fábio; Alves, GabrielThis study aims to draw conclusions about the impact of the European Audit Reform (EAR) on the role and independence of external auditors from the perspective of these professionals in Portugal. Given the innovative and practical nature of this research, the measures implemented by EAR were selected for analysis to clarify and better define the auditors’ role, reinforce the auditors’ professional independence and scepticism, and increase the supervision of the auditors. Data were collected from a questionnaire sent to the auditors (ROC), resulting in a sample of 89 professionals. Descriptive analyses, the Mann-Whitney test, as well as multivariate analyses comprised by factorial analysis and a logistic regression were carried out. The findings pointed to levels of agreement generally higher than the disagreement for the different measures implemented by the EAR, which are amplified in regards to the auditors’ answers that considered the introduction of the EAR as fundamental.
- The views of stakeholders on mandatory or voluntary use of a simplified standard on non-financial information for SMEs in the European UnionPublication . Gomes Dos Santos, Paula; Albuquerque, Fábio; Rodrigues, Maria Albertina; Almeida, Ana: This paper investigates the variables that may explain the views of stakeholders regarding the need for a simplified non-financial reporting (NFR) standard for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union (EU) and whether this standard should be mandatory or voluntary. This paper uses, as a source, 588 answers provided by different groups of stakeholders within the process of public consultation conducted by the EU, from February to June 2020, concerning possible revisions to the provisions of the Directive on NFR. The findings showed that the most consensual attribute that probably explains the views of stakeholders on this matter is the importance attributed by them to the concepts of comparability, reliability, and relevance. From the stakeholders’ perspective, this topic may also be explained by the users’ needs. Notwithstanding, its importance may differ, depending on the type of user. These findings are relevant within the process of developing an NFR model applicable to SMEs based on a mandatory standard, providing evidence that regulators and standard-setters should consider the qualitative characteristics of non-financial information as well as the needs of various stakeholders within this process.
- Assessing the stakeholders’ responses in public discussions of IPSASB standards from a cultural perspectivePublication . Albuquerque, Fábio; Gomes Dos Santos, Paula; Penha, Eugênia Paiva da; Silva, DanielThis article assesses the factors that may explain stakeholders’ responses in public due processes carried out by the IPSASB. Seven ongoing projects were assessed, comprising 328 comment letters sent to IPSASB from 47 countries. The authors present a new approach which takes into account cultural values in public sector accounting and financial reporting. This article shows that factors that can explain stakeholders’ responses in public discussions of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board’s (IPSASB) standards may differ according to underlying cultural values. Respondents’ affiliation, countries’ level of development and their accounting framework can explain underlying cultural values. The article will help standard setters, governments and regulatory bodies to understand the differences in stakeholders’ positions according to the cultural nature of issues proposed for public discussion.
- Resumo das II Jornadas Internacionais de Investigação em RelatoPublication . Martinho, Carla; Albuquerque, Fábio; Gentil, Fernando; Anjos, Luiz; Gomes Dos Santos, PaulaAs Jornadas Internacionais de Investigação em Relato (JIIR) constituem um evento que destaca a parceria transatlântica entre o Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração de Lisboa (ISCAL) do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa (IPL) e o Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Contábeis da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (PPGCC-UFPE). Apesar dos tempos difíceis que atravessamos, o evento chegou à sua segunda edição (II JIIR 2021), renovando o sucesso da edição anterior. Em 2021, a parceria entre o ISCAL e o PPGCC-UFPE foi reforçada com o relançamento oficial, durante o evento, da Revista de Informação Contábil (RIC), com uma segunda designação que a reposiciona no cenário internacional: International Journal of Accounting and Reporting (IJAR). Esta edição contou com os habituais projetos de estudantes, discutidos pelos investigadores das duas instituições (ISCAL e UFPE), tendo sido apresentados trabalhos de estudantes de outras instituições de ensino superior. Destaca-se, como novidade da II JIIR, a presença da Professora Fernanda Sauerbronn, Professora Associada na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
- Tax Disclosures in Financial and CSR Reporting as a Deterrence for EvasionPublication . Albuquerque, Fábio; Neves, Julija CassianoThis chapter is about the mandatory disclosure of income tax as required by international financial reporting standards (IFRS) and standards issued by Portuguese regulatory bodies. The chapter also elaborates the most relevant disclosures from the perspective of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Furthermore, it highlights the most influential CSR reporting standards to answer the question that whether these standards adequately address the issue of income tax payment as a factor of CSR. Finally, it also reviews the international and Portuguese theoretical and empirical academic research available about income taxes and related subjects, such as disclosures, corporate tax as a CSR matter, and tax aggressiveness of corporations. Future research may be conducted geographical reporting of income tax expense and its relationship with the effective tax rate (ETR) and other independent variables.
- Identifiying impression management strategies using artificial intelligence: a research applied to the banking sector in PortugalPublication . Albuquerque, Fábio; Stoltzemburg, Vinícius; Cariano, AntónioThis paper aims to evaluate the eventual usage of impression management strategies by the Portuguese banking sector, particularly if the message tone used by the board is potentially influenced by macroeconomic, corporate governance and economic-financial factors. Data were obtained from the annual reports, complemented with additional financial information provided by the Portuguese Banking Association. The population consists of 58 messages from the management board obtained for 11 banks that operated in Portugal between 2009 and 2017. The information was collected using artificial intelligence tools. The findings are consistent with the identification of thematic manipulation strategies. The results confirm that the tone used by the Portuguese financial sector entities is in line with the macroeconomic evolution, as well as confirm that the corporate governance structure plays a big influence on the management discourse. In contrast, entities with a stronger level of corporate governance showed a less positive tone. Lastly, entities with higher liquidity and impaired assets tend to have a more positive tone. This study brings an innovative perspective regarding the methodology adopted, being pioneered in the application of technology under impression management studies in Portugal. Thus, future analyses may use these tools to mitigate errors and subjectivity.
- A influência da fiscalidade sobre a contabilidade a partir do julgamento dos contabilistas certificados portuguesesPublication . Pereira, Sofia; Albuquerque, Fábio; Albuquerque, FábioEste artigo tem como objetivo identificar se, em Portugal, a tomada de decisão em matéria de contabilidade e relato financeiro encontra-se influenciada por critérios de ordem fiscal, em detrimento de critérios económicos. O estudo revela-se oportuno na medida em que o atual normativo contabilístico em Portugal, baseado no internacional, encontra-se em vigor há mais de dez anos. Para a realização do estudo, foi conduzido um questionário aos contabilistas certificados inscritos na Ordem dos Contabilistas Certificados com registo ativo, obtendo-se um total de 406 respostas. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram confirmar que, mesmo com a adoção do atual normativo contabilístico, francamente baseado no normativo internacional emanado do International Accounting Standards Board, os profissionais de contabilidade privilegiam os critérios fiscais na definição de políticas contabilísticas em distintas áreas. Tais resultados apresentam-se consistentes mesmo quando os resultados são analisados em função de distintos critérios de classificação da amostra. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo contribuam para a discussão em torno da influência da fiscalidade sobre a contabilidade e o relato financeiro, tendo em conta o ambiente de avançado estágio de harmonização e convergência internacionais onde Portugal se encontra inserido.
- The explanatory factors of disclosures related to the discount rates by listed entities in PortugalPublication . Assunção, Miguel; Albuquerque, FábioThis paper aims to identify the explanatory factors of mandatory disclosure (MD) and voluntary disclosure (VD) levels related to discount rates, based on disclosure theories. The size, leverage, profitability, and audit firms were selected from different theories, namely agency theory, signaling theory, positive accounting theory, including the political cost hypothesis, and the cost of capital theory. Furthermore, the materiality (weight of the items) and the relevance (nature) of the topic were also considered, based on the evidence already obtained in the literature. Research on disclosures related to discount rates has been assessed either as an incidental topic or from a limited-scope analysis, particularly with respect to MDs. This paper assesses this topic as its specific object of analysis for both MD and VD. The use of the discount rate has been assuming growing importance within financial reporting. Therefore, this topic should deserve particular attention from international standard-setting bodies. The understanding of the proper set of items to be disclosed and understanding the factors that explain its disclosure, aligned with the efforts to assure its compliance by legal authorities, may contribute to reducing asymmetries and increasing transparency in entities' financial reporting. This study uses the method of archival research and content analysis of consolidated reports and accounts for the year 2020 of listed entities in Euronext Lisboa. Regression models were used, having disclosure indices related to discount rates as dependent variables. This paper finds a positive association between disclosures related to discount rates and the entity’s size, as well as the materiality and the relevance, assessed by the weight of the items and the nature of the topic under assessment, respectively. It adds new explanatory factors on the VDs and MDs related to discount rates in a broader perspective of analysis.
- Russia-Ukraine war disclosures by energy-related european sectorsPublication . Albuquerque, Fábio; Gomes dos Santos, PaulaA military conflict was restarted in March 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine. Energy-related European entities could be adversely affected by this event due to Europe's dependence on Russian energy imports. This exploratory paper evaluates the disclosures made by listed European entities in the energy sector regarding Russian aggression in Ukraine in 2022, taking into account that the impacts of this event must be reported under the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 10.
- The explanatory factors of risk disclosure in the integrated reports of listed entities in BrazilPublication . Monteiro, Eveline; Albuquerque, Fábio; Rodrigues, Maria AlbertinaThe gaps observed in entities’ traditional reports and accounts led to the emergence of the integrated report (IR), which includes several content elements, namely the component relating to risks and opportunities. Within this scope, the specific risks that may affect an organization’s capacity to create value are disclosed, among others, which is information of interest to the different stakeholders. This paper aims to identify the explanatory factors that influence the disclosure of risks in IRs. For this purpose, the IRs of entities listed on the Brazilian stock exchange for the year 2020 were assessed. The study was based on the explanatory theories of risk disclosure usually found in the literature, namely, the legitimacy, the agency, the signaling, and the upper echelon theories. Linear regression models were used with the disclosure rates of different types of risk as dependent variables. The size, profitability, indebtedness, independence, and gender diversity in the board of directors (BD), audit, and activity sector comprised the selected explanatory factors. Associations were found between some of the types of risks disclosed and the size of the entity, the existence of an audit, the independence of the BD, and the activity sector. The paper contributes to the literature about the explanatory factors of risk disclosure by exploring its analysis with different typologies and attributes, having the IR as a source of information, which is still little explored. The scientific contribution encompasses proposing a new risk analysis model in the IR. The innovative elements also comprise the classification of risks related to sustainable development (SD), including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors.
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