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- Development of a biocompatible hydrogel based on native temporomandibular joint extracellular matrix powderPublication . Trindade, Daniela; Moura, Carla; Calado, Cecília; Ângelo, David; Alves, NunoThe temporomandibular joint disc (TMJd) is an avascular and fibrocartilaginous tissue with low regeneration capacities. To date there is no permanent solution upon its damage. So, our group hypothesise that the combination of a synthetic material [poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, PEGDA] and decellularised matrices may be the answer, since it has the advantage of retaining extracellular matrix (ECM) components. For this purpose, lamb TMJd were decellularised with ethanol (96%) / acetone (99.5%) followed by an analysis to the ECM obtained. Afterwards, different concentrations of ECM powder were added to the PEGDA to obtain hybrid hydrogels. Their swelling capacities and mechanical behaviour (hydrated or dry) were assessed. Results show a reduction of the proteoglycans in the disc, except in the posterior region. Dried hydrogels with 2% ECM powder are the ones with the closer compressive modulus to the native disc, along with greater viscoelastic capacity, representing a possible approach to a TMJd replacement.
- Ovine model as a temporomandibular disc substitute: characterisation and the outcomes of freezing storagePublication . Trindade, Daniela; Calado, Cecília; Alves, Nuno; Moura, CarlaThe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a ginglymoarthrodial joint that comprises a fibrocartilaginous disc that is highly predisposed to suffer from trauma or degenerative events, leading to disorders in the condyle–disc complex. The use of decellularized tissues has attracted interest in the tissue engineering (TE) field as an intact extracellular matrix can be obtained [1]. To this end, the ovine model was the first choice for a TMJ TE approach as they are easy to obtain, inexpensive and present an easily accessible surgical site [2]. When biological materials are used, their conservation should be taken into consideration, as sometimes it is not possible to test them immediately after extraction. With this, the present study aims to characterise the ovine disc, and determine its maximum freezing-time storage without alterations in its morphological and compression properties and biochemical composition. For this, two storage conditions were tested: (i) freezing at −20 ◦C in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution and thaw at 4 ◦C (PBS + 4 ◦C) and (ii) wrapping the discs in PBS embedded gauze and freezing at −20 ◦C followed by thaw at room temperature (RT) in PBS (Gauze + RT). Moreover, different time intervals were assessed: 1, 7 and 14 days. Results showed that the native disc presented a thickness of 1.62 ± 0.674 mm, weighted 0.385 ± 0.029 g and had a compressive modulus of 2.36 ± 0.072 MPa. Regarding biochemical composition, collagen content was higher in the central zone, whereas glycosaminoglycans were higher in the lateral and posterior zone. After performing both storage methods, morphological characteristics were minimally altered, but the biochemical content was significantly affected. After the 14-day experiments, there was an increase of about 30% in the compression modulus for Gauze + RT when compared to the fresh native disc, while for the PBS + 4 ◦C no changes were observed. This study determined that freezing the ovine discs may lead to changes in the native properties, indicating that when it is necessary to store them, these changes should be taken into consideration in future studies.
- Development of a biocompatible hydrogel based on native temporomandibular joint extracellular matrix powderPublication . Trindade, Daniela; Moura, Carla; Calado, Cecília; Ângelo, David; Alves, NunoThe temporomandibular joint disc (TMJd) is an avascular and fibrocartilaginous tissue with low regeneration capacities. To date there is no permanent solution upon its damage. So, our group hypothesise that the combination of a synthetic material [poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, PEGDA] and decellularised matrices may be the answer, since it has the advantage of retaining extracellular matrix (ECM) components. For this purpose, lamb TMJd were decellularised with ethanol (96%)/ acetone (99.5%) followed by an analysis to the ECM obtained. Afterwards, different concentrations of ECM powder were added to the PEGDA to obtain hybrid hydrogels. Their swelling capacities and mechanical behaviour (hydrated or dry) were assessed. Results show a reduction of the proteoglycans in the disc, except in the posterior region. Dried hydrogels with 2% ECM powder are the ones with the closer compressive modulus to the native disc, along with greater viscoelastic capacity, representing a possible approach to a TMJd replacement.