ISEL - Engenharia Electrónica, Telecomunicações e Computadores
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- Transport properties in microcrystalline silicon solar cells under AM1.5 illumination analysed by two-dimensional numerical simulationPublication . Fantoni, Alessandro; Vieira, Manuela; Martins, RodrigoMicrocrystalline silicon is a two-phase material. Its composition can be interpreted as a series of grains of crystalline silicon imbedded in an amorphous silicon tissue, with a high concentration of dangling bonds in the transition regions. In this paper, results for the transport properties of a mu c-Si:H p-i-n junction obtained by means of two-dimensional numerical simulation are reported. The role played by the boundary regions between the crystalline grains and the amorphous matrix is taken into account and these regions are treated similar to a heterojunction interface. The device is analysed under AM1.5 illumination and the paper outlines the influence of the local electric field at the grain boundary transition regions on the internal electric configuration of the device and on the transport mechanism within the mu c-Si:H intrinsic layer.
- Estimação de superfícies tridimensionais com modelos activosPublication . Nascimento, Jose; Marques, Jorge SalvadorEsta comunicação aborda a estimação da superfície de objectos a partir de um conjunto de pontos tridimensionais usando modelos activos. Propõe-se, uma extensão da Classe Unificada desenvolvida por Abrantes e Marques. A superfície é discretizada usando dois tipos de redes: redes de malha rectangular e redes Simplex. A Classe Unificada baseia-se no cálculo dos centróides dos dados na vizinhança de amostras pré-definidas da superfície deformável. Os pontos da superfície são atraídos na direcção dos centróides. O artigo revê os conceitos básicos de modelamento activo de superfícies, a Classe Unificada e as redes Simplex. Os modelos descritos são testados usando dados sintéticos e reais obtidos a partir de imagens ecográficas e de ressonância magnética.
- Estimation of 3D shapes using active surface modelsPublication . Nascimento, Jose; Marques, Jorge S.This paper addresses the estimation of surfaces from a set of 3D points using the unified framework described in [1]. This framework proposes the use of competitive learning for curve estimation, i.e., a set of points is defined on a deformable curve and they all compete to represent the available data. This paper extends the use of the unified framework to surface estimation. It o shown that competitive learning performes better than snakes, improving the model performance in the presence of concavities and allowing to desciminate close surfaces. The proposed model is evaluated in this paper using syntheticdata and medical images (MRI and ultrasound images).
- A 3-phase model for VIS/NIR mu C-Si : H p-i-n detectorsPublication . Vieira, Manuela; Fantoni, Alessandro; Fernandes, Miguel; Maçarico, António Filipe Ruas Trindade; Schwarz, R.The spectral response and the photocurrent delivered by entirely microcrystalline p-i-n-Si:H detectors an analysed under different applied bias and light illumination conditions. The spectral response and the internal collection depend not only on the energy range but also on the illumination side. Under [p]- and [n]-side irradiation, the internal collection characteristics have an atypical shape. It is high for applied bias and lower than the open circuit voltage, shows a steep decrease near the open circuit voltage (higher under [n]-side illumination) and levels off for higher voltages. Additionally, the numerical modeling of the VIS/NIR detector, based on the band discontinuities near the grain boundaries and interfaces, complements the study and gives insight into the internal physical process.
- An algoritmh for the estimation of 3D surfaces using competitive learningPublication . Nascimento, Jose; Marques, Jorge SalvadorThis paper addresses the estimation of object boundaries from a set of 3D points. An extension of the constrained clustering algorithm developed by Abrantes and Marques in the context of edge linking is presented. The object surface is approximated using rectangular meshes and simplex nets. Centroid-based forces are used for attracting the model nodes towards the data, using competitive learning methods. It is shown that competitive learning improves the model performance in the presence of concavities and allows to discriminate close surfaces. The proposed model is evaluated using synthetic data and medical images (MRI and ultrasound images).
- Laser scanned photodiodes (LSP) for image sensingPublication . Vieira, Manuela; Fernandes, Miguel; Louro, Paula; Schwarz, R.; Schubert, M.An optimized ZnO:Al/a-pin SixCl1-x:H/Al configuration for the laser scanned photodiode (LSP) imaging detector is proposed. The LSP utilizes light induced depletion layers as detector and a laser beam for readout. The effect of the sensing element structure, cell configuration and light source flux are investigated and correlated with the sensor output characteristics. Experimental data reveal that the large optical gap and the low conductivity of the doped a-SixC1-x:H layers are responsible by an induced inversion layer at the illuminated interfaces which blocks the carrier collection. These insulator-like layers act as MIS gates preventing image smearing. The physical background of the LSP is discussed.
- Laser-scanned p-i-n photodiode (LSP) for image detectionPublication . Vieira, Manuela; Fernandes, Miguel; Martins, João; Louro, Paula; Maçarico, António Filipe Ruas Trindade; Schwarz, Reinhard; Schubert, Markus B.Amorphous and microcrystalline glass/ZnO:Al/p(a-Si:H)/i(a-Si:H)/n(a-Si1 C :H)/Al imagers with different n-layer resistivities were produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique (PE-CVD). The transducer is a simple, large area p-i-n photodiode; an image projected onto the sensing element leads to spatially confined depletion regions that can be readout by scanning the photodiode with a low-power modulated laser beam. The essence of the scheme is the analog readout and the absence of semiconductor arrays or electrode potential manipulations to transfer the information coming from the transducer. The effect of the image intensity on the sensor output characteristics (sensitivity, linearity, blooming, resolution, and signal-tonoise ratio) are analyzed for different material composition. The results show that the responsivity and the spatial resolution are limited by the conductivity of the doped layers. An enhancement of one order of magnitude in the image intensity and on the spatial resolution is achieved with a responsivity of 0.2 mW/cm2 by decreasing the -layer conductivity by the same amount. In a 4 4 cm2 laser-scanned photodiode (LSP) sensor, the resolution was less than 100 m and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was about 32 dB. Aphysical model supported by electrical simulation gives insight into the methodology used for image representation.
- ITO/SiOx/Si optical sensor with internal gainPublication . Fernandes, Miguel; Vygranenko, Yuri; Schwarz, R.; Vieira, ManuelaA visible/near-infrared optical sensor based on an ITO/SiOx/n-Si structure with internal gain is presented. This surface-barrier structure was fabricated by a low-temperature processing technique. The interface properties and carder transport were investigated from dark current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics. Examination of the multiplication properties was performed under different light excitation and reverse bias conditions. The spectral and pulse response characteristics are analysed. The current amplification mechanism is interpreted by the control of electron current by the space charge of photogenerated holes near the SiOx/Si interface. The optical sensor output characteristics and some possible device applications are presented.
- New p-i-n Si : H imager configuration for spatial resolution improvementPublication . Vieira, Manuela; Fernandes, Miguel; Martins, João; Louro, Paula; Maçarico, António Filipe Ruas da Trindade; Schwarz, Reinhard; Schubert, Markus B.Amorphous glass/ZnO-Al/p(a-Si:H)/i(a-Si:H)/n(a-Si1-xCx:H)/Al imagers with different n-layer resistivities were produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique (PE-CVD). An image is projected onto the sensing element and leads to spatially confined depletion regions that can be readout by scanning the photodiode with a low-power modulated laser beam. The essence of the scheme is the analog readout, and the absence of semiconductor arrays or electrode potential manipulations to transfer the information coming from the transducer. The influence of the intensity of the optical image projected onto the sensor surface is correlated with the sensor output characteristics (sensitivity, linearity blooming, resolution and signal-to-noise ratio) are analysed for different material compositions (0.5 < x < 1). The results show that the responsivity and the spatial resolution are limited by the conductivity of the doped layers. An enhancement of one order of magnitude in the image intensity signal and on the spatial resolution are achieved at 0.2 mW cm(-2) light flux by decreasing the n-layer conductivity by the same amount. A physical model supported by electrical simulation gives insight into the image-sensing technique used.
- Automatic tracking of multiple pedestrians with group formation and occlusionsPublication . Jorge, Pedro; Abrantes, Arnaldo; Marques, Jorge S.This work addresses the problem of automatic track ing of pedestrians observed by a fixed camera in out door scenes. Tracking isolated pedestrians is not a difficult task. The challenge arises when the track ing system has to deal with temporary occlusions and groups of pedestrians. In both cases it is not possi ble to track each pedestrian during the whole video sequence. However, the system should be able to rec ognize each pedestrian as soon as he/she becomes vis ible and isolated from the group. This paper presents methods to tackle these difficulties. The proposed sys tem is based on a hierarchical approach which allows the application of the same methods for tracking iso lated pedestrians and groups.