Browsing by Author "Carvalho, Ezequiel"
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- Comportamento dinâmico da barragem de Cahora Bassa sob excitação ambiente e sob ações sísmicasPublication . Alegre, André; Oliveira, Sérgio; Carvalho, Ezequiel; MENDES, PAULO; Proença, JorgeEm face do elevado risco potencial geralmente associado às grandes barragens, de acordo com a ICOLD é fundamental avaliar continuamente o desempenho destas obras, durante toda a fase de exploração, para situações correntes e excecionais, nomeadamente, envolvendo fenómenos de deterioração progressiva e/ou a ocorrência de ações excecionais, como é o caso, por exemplo, de sismos intensos. Desta forma, o controlo da segurança de grandes barragens deve apoiar‐se: (i) na monitorização com sistemas do tipo SSHM (“Seismic and Structural Health Monitoring”) equipados com software adequado para gestão e análise automática dos dados recolhidos continuamente; e (ii) na comparação entre os resultados da monitorização com resultados numéricos de modelos de elementos finitos (EF3D). Neste trabalho apresentam‐se diversos resultados de medições in‐situ referentes à caracterização do comportamento dinâmico da barragem de Cahora Bassa (em Moçambique), uma barragem abóbada de dupla curvatura com 170 m de altura na qual está instalado, desde 2010, um sistema do tipo SSHM para monitorização de vibrações em contínuo. Analisa‐se, em particular, a evolução das principais frequências naturais ao longo do tempo, considerando as variações do nível da albufeira, e a resposta sísmica da obra durante um evento sísmico de baixa intensidade, com base em acelerações medidas na rocha e no corpo da barragem. Os resultados das medições em obra são comparados com resultados numéricos obtidos com um modelo de EF3D. Apresentam‐se ainda resultados de uma análise sísmica não linear considerando o método “Endurance Time Analysis” (ETA) que permite estudar com elevada eficiência computacional a resposta da obra para sismos com aceleração de pico crescente.
- Is the electric vehicle a solution for the wind power integration in the portuguese power system?Publication . Carvalho, Ezequiel; Sousa, Jorge A. M.; Ventim-Neves, Mario; Faias, Sérgio Miguel RedondoThe integration of Plug-in electric vehicles in the transportation sector has a great potential to reduce oil dependency, the GHG emissions and to contribute for the integration of renewable sources into the electricity generation mix. Portugal has a high share of wind energy, and curtailment may occur, especially during the off-peak hours with high levels of hydro generation. In this context, the electric vehicles, seen as a distributed storage system, can help to reduce the potential wind curtailments and, therefore, increase the integration of wind power into the power system. In order to assess the energy and environmental benefits of this integration, a methodology based on a unit commitment and economic dispatch is adapted and implemented. From this methodology, the thermal generation costs, the CO2 emissions and the potential wind generation curtailment are computed. Simulation results show that a 10% penetration of electric vehicles in the Portuguese fleet would increase electrical load by 3% and reduce wind curtailment by only 26%. This results from the fact that the additional generation required to supply the electric vehicles is mostly thermal. The computed CO2 emissions of the EV are 92 g CO2/kWh which become closer to those of some new ICE engines.
- Numerical models for seismic analysis of arch damsPublication . Alegre, André; Oliveira, Sérgio; MENDES, PAULO; Proença, Jorge; Carvalho, Ezequiel; Matsinhe, BrunoThis paper presents a study on the seismic behaviour of large arch dams under strong earthquakes. The numerical simulations are carried out using DamDySSA, a 3D finite element program developed for dynamic analysis of concrete dams, which includes calculation modules for linear seismic analysis and for non-linear seismic analysis, considering the effects of joint movements and tensile and compressive damage in concrete. The case studies are the 132 m-high Cabril dam, in Portugal, and the 170 m high Cahora Bassa dam, in Mozambique. The seismic response results computed using linear and non-linear models are compared, in order to investigate the influence of the joint movements on the structural response, and to analyse the resulting concrete damage under a strong seismic load. Overall, there was a release of arch stresses in the upper part of both dams, due to the opening of the vertical joints, and consequently an increase of vertical stresses along the main cantilevers, causing concrete tensile failure. Furthermore, this study emphasized the potential of the developed numerical methods and thus of DamDySSA for predicting the non-linear seismic behaviour of arch dams.
- Observação e análise de extensões e tensões na barragem de Cahora BassaPublication . Rodrigues, Miguel; Oliveira, Sérgio; Proença, Jorge; Carvalho, Ezequiel; MENDES, PAULOEm barragens de betão, a determinação do estado de tensão num dado ponto a partir das extensões observadas através de grupos de extensómetros elétricos requer uma boa caraterização dos parâmetros viscoelásticos do betão. Neste trabalho apresenta‐se uma metodologia de separação de efeitos para interpretação de extensões observadas ao longo do tempo com vista à determinação das correspondentes tensões instaladas, separando o efeito pressão hidrostática de outros efeitos, nomeadamente do efeito elástico das variações de temperatura anuais e do efeito associado à progressão das expansões ao longo do tempo. Esta metodologia foi aplicada na análise dos dados de alguns grupos de extensómetros da barragem do Cahora Bassa (em Moçambique), uma barragem abóbada de dupla curvatura com 170 m de altura. Após implementação computacional (em MATLAB) a referida metodologia é aplicada na análise dos dados de alguns grupos de extensómetros planos. São estimadas as tensões principais e respetivas direções para a ação da pressão hidrostática e efetua‐se a comparação com as tensões principais calculadas numericamente por intermédio de um modelo de elementos finitos tridimensionais (EF3D). Analisa‐se igualmente a parcela das tensões associada às variações de temperatura assim como a parcela das tensões associadas à progressão do processo expansivo, tendo em conta a relaxação, comparando com os correspondentes valores calculados com o modelo EF3D.
- Seismic and structural health monitoring systems for large dams: theoretical, computational and practical innovationsPublication . Oliveira, Sérgio; Alegre, André; Carvalho, Ezequiel; MENDES, PAULO; Proença, JorgeThis paper is focused on the study of the dynamic behaviour of two large arch dams, and it presents some innovations for the improvement of Seismic and Structural Health Monitoring (SSHM) systems for dams. The work describes a methodology based on the integrated use of software for automatic monitoring data analysis and of computational 3D fnite element (3DFE) models for dam dynamic behaviour simulation. The monitoring data analysis software was developed for automatic modal identifcation, in order to obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes, for automatic detection of vibrations induced by seismic events, to be distinguished from those caused by other operational sources, and for comparison between results retrieved from measured vibrations and numerical results from 3DFE modelling. The numerical simulations are carried out using a 3DFE program developed for dynamic analysis of dam-reservoir-foundation systems, based on a solid–fuid coupled formulation and considering the dam-water dynamic interaction, including calculation modules for complex modal analysis and for linear and non-linear seismic analysis. The case studies are two large arch dams that have been under continuous dynamic monitoring over the last ten years: Cabril dam (132 m high), the highest dam in Portugal, and Cahora Bassa dam (170 m high), in Mozambique, one of the highest dams in Africa. The SSHM systems installed in both dams have similar schemes and were designed to continuously record accelerations in several locations at the upper part of the dam body and near the dam-foundation interface, using uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers. The most signifcant experimental results from continuous dynamic monitoring are presented and compared with numerical results for both dams, with emphasis on the evolution of natural frequencies over time, including the vibration mode shapes for various water levels, and on the measured accelerations during low-intensity seismic events. Furthermore, the main results of non-linear seismic response simulations are provided, considering the efects due to joint movements and tensile and compressive concrete damage, aiming to assess the seismic performance of both dams based on the Endurance Time Analysis method.
- Seismic safety assessment of arch dams using an ETA-based method with control of tensile and compressive damagePublication . Alegre, André; Oliveira, Sérgio; MENDES, PAULO; Proença, Jorge; Ramos, Rafael; Carvalho, EzequielThe seismic safety assessment of large concrete dams remains a significant challenge in dam engineering, as it requires appropriate analysis methods, modern performance criteria, and advanced numerical models to simulate the dam seismic behavior. This paper presents a method for seismic safety assessment of arch dams based on Endurance Time Analysis (ETA), using tensile and compressive damage results from a robust formulation for seismic analysis considering joint opening/sliding and concrete non-linear behavior (finite element program DamDySSA, under development in LNEC). The seismic performance is evaluated by controlling the evolution of the damage state of the dam, according to predefined performance criteria, to estimate acceleration endurance limits for tensile and compressive damage. These acceleration limits are compared, respectively, with the peak ground accelerations prescribed for the Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) and Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE), aiming to evaluate the dam seismic performance relative to both earthquake levels efficiently, using a single intensifying acceleration time history. The ETA-based method is applied to the cases of Cabril Dam (132 m-high) and Cahora Bassa Dam (170 m-high), confirming its usefulness for future seismic safety studies, while the potential of DamDySSA for non-linear seismic analysis of arch dams is highlighted.
- SWHORD simulator: A platform to evaluate energy transition targets in future energy systems with increasing renewable generation, electric vehicles, storage technologies, and hydrogen systemsPublication . Sousa, Jorge A. M.; Lagarto, João; Carvalho, Ezequiel; Martins, AnaThis paper presents the simulation platform SWHORD, specially designed for the analysis of future energy systems under energy transition targets. The model is implemented in GAMS as a cost minimization mixed integer programming problem of a hydro-thermal power system, which includes high penetration of non-dispatchable renewable generation, storage technologies, electric vehicles, and hydrogen systems. Simulations are performed on an hourly basis for one year of operation, enabling the evaluation of both short-term dynamics and the seasonal behaviour of the system and including the hourly power generation profile by technology, fuel and emission costs, CO2 emissions and storage levels, as well as the renewable curtailment needed to balance the system. The model was validated by backtesting with historical data of the Portuguese power system and, from a comprehensive statistical analysis of the dispatchable generation, it is concluded that the simulation results present a good fit with the real data. An illustrative use case is presented to evaluate the consistency of the Portuguese targets for 2030. Simulation results put in evidence the advantages of the SWHORD simulator to study the complex interactions among the new drivers of future energy systems, such as electric vehicles, storage technologies, and hydrogen systems.
- The electric vehicle integration into the power system: an application to the portuguese casePublication . Carvalho, Ezequiel; Sousa, Jorge A. M.; Ventim-Neves, MarioElectric vehicles (EV) offer a great potential to address the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the power grid, and thus reduce the dependence on oil as well as the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The high share of wind energy in the Portuguese energy mix expected for 2020 can led to eventual curtailment, especially during the winter when high levels of hydro generation occur. In this paper a methodology based on a unit commitment and economic dispatch is implemented, and a hydro-thermal dispatch is performed in order to evaluate the impact of the EVs integration into the grid. Results show that the considered 10 % penetration of EVs in the Portuguese fleet would increase load in 3 % and would not integrate a significant amount of wind energy because curtailment is already reduced in the absence of EVs. According to the results, the EV is charged mostly with thermal generation and the associated emissions are much higher than if they were calculated based on the generation mix.
- Use of SSHM data for dynamic behavior analysis and damage detection on large dams. The cases of Cabril dam and Cahora Bassa damPublication . Alegre, André; MENDES, PAULO; Carvalho, Ezequiel; Matsinhe, Bruno; Oliveira, Sérgio; Proença, JorgeThis paper presents recent results from studies on the dynamic behavior of large concrete dams in normal operational conditions, based on the comparison between experimental results, extracted from continuous dynamic monitoring data, and numerical results from finite element analysis. The case studies are Cabril dam (132 m high), in Portugal, and Cahora Bassa dam (170 m high), in Mozambique, two large arch dams that have been under Seismic and Structural Health Monitoring since 2008 and 2010, respectively. The monitoring data analysis is performed using DamModalID, a program specifically prepared for automatic frequency domain modal identification, while the numerical simulations are carried out utilizing DamDySSA4.0, a 3D finite element program developed for dynamic analysis of concrete dams. The focus in this work is on studying the evolution of the main natural frequencies over time, namely (i) to analyze the influence of the reservoir water level variations on the dynamic properties of the dam-reservoir-foundation system and hence on the frequencies’ values, and (ii) to evaluate the correlation with the deterioration and ageing of dams, ultimately aiming at the detection of eventual structural changes due to concrete damage. Based on the presented results, the relation between the frequencies’ values and the water level variations made it possible to verify that the dynamic response of both dams is clearly influenced by the reservoir level. Furthermore, the comparison between the identified frequencies and the values computed with reference models, considering linear behavior, enabled to conclude that the dynamic behavior of both dams has not changed over the last decade, despite the existing deterioration phenomena, and thus they can continue operating normally.