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Produção de energia eólica residencial com armazenamento em baterias aplicada a sistemas isolados da rede elétrica
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O presente trabalho desenvolve-se no âmbito da conceção de um sistema autónomo de produção e armazenamento de energia elétrica destinado a uma habitação unifamiliar. O estudo teve início com a análise de diferentes tecnologias de geração e de armazenamento, identificando os componentes mais adequados para aplicações residenciais. Após uma revisão detalhada da literatura e da oferta comercial, concluiu-se que as turbinas eólicas de eixo vertical (VAWT) e as baterias de iões de lítio representavam a solução mais eficiente e robusta para o contexto em análise, atendendo às características técnicas, desempenho e requisitos de fiabilidade. Com base nessa escolha inicial, procedeu-se ao dimensionamento do sistema, que incluiu a avaliação do potencial eólico através da distribuição de Weibull, a definição da capacidade de armazenamento necessário considerando a profundidade máxima de descarga (DoD) e a eficiência das baterias, bem como o cálculo da cablagem e das proteções elétricas em conformidade com o regulamento técnico de instalações elétricas de baixa tensão (RTIEB). O sistema foi posteriormente integrado no software HOMER Pro, que permitiu simular o seu desempenho anual e analisar a resposta em diferentes cenários de consumo e disponibilidade do recurso eólico. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, para um perfil de consumo residencial de 3 kWh/dia, o sistema dimensionado é capaz de assegurar o fornecimento energético de forma estável e autónoma, garantindo resiliência em situações de ausência de rede elétrica. A análise destacou ainda a importância da correta escolha inicial dos componentes, uma vez que estes condicionam a eficiência global do sistema, os custos de implementação e a sua viabilidade prática. A conjugação de turbinas VAWT com baterias de lítio constitui uma solução tecnicamente viável e eficiente para a produção e armazenamento de energia em pequena escala, promovendo a autonomia energética residencial e contribuindo para a transição energética através da integração de fontes renováveis.
Abstract This dissertation focuses on the design of an autonomous energy production and storage system for residential applications. The study began with the analysis of different generation and storage technologies, aiming to identify the most suitable components for small-scale residential use. Following an in-depth literature review and evaluation of commercially available options, it was concluded that vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) and lithium-ion batteries represent the most efficient and reliable solution, considering their technical characteristics, performance, and operational robustness. Based on this initial choice, the system was dimensioned through the assessment of the wind potential using the Weibull distribution, the definition of the required storage capacity considering the maximum depth of discharge (DoD) and battery efficiency, and the calculation of cabling and electrical protections in compliance with the technical regulations for low voltage electrical installations (RTIEBT). The system was subsequently modelled and integrated into the HOMER Pro software, which enabled the simulation of its annual performance and the analysis of its response under different consumption patterns and wind availability scenarios. The results demonstrated that, for a residential load profile of 3 kWh/day, the designed system is capable of ensuring a stable and autonomous energy supply, providing resilience in the absence of a public grid. The analysis also highlighted the importance of the correct initial selection of components, as this strongly influences the overall efficiency, implementation costs, and practical feasibility of the system. In conclusion, the integration of VAWTs with lithium-ion batteries proves to be a technically feasible and efficient solution for small-scale energy production and storage, promoting residential energy autonomy and contributing to the energy transition through the adoption of renewable sources.
Abstract This dissertation focuses on the design of an autonomous energy production and storage system for residential applications. The study began with the analysis of different generation and storage technologies, aiming to identify the most suitable components for small-scale residential use. Following an in-depth literature review and evaluation of commercially available options, it was concluded that vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) and lithium-ion batteries represent the most efficient and reliable solution, considering their technical characteristics, performance, and operational robustness. Based on this initial choice, the system was dimensioned through the assessment of the wind potential using the Weibull distribution, the definition of the required storage capacity considering the maximum depth of discharge (DoD) and battery efficiency, and the calculation of cabling and electrical protections in compliance with the technical regulations for low voltage electrical installations (RTIEBT). The system was subsequently modelled and integrated into the HOMER Pro software, which enabled the simulation of its annual performance and the analysis of its response under different consumption patterns and wind availability scenarios. The results demonstrated that, for a residential load profile of 3 kWh/day, the designed system is capable of ensuring a stable and autonomous energy supply, providing resilience in the absence of a public grid. The analysis also highlighted the importance of the correct initial selection of components, as this strongly influences the overall efficiency, implementation costs, and practical feasibility of the system. In conclusion, the integration of VAWTs with lithium-ion batteries proves to be a technically feasible and efficient solution for small-scale energy production and storage, promoting residential energy autonomy and contributing to the energy transition through the adoption of renewable sources.
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Aerogerador Baterias Portabilidade Wind turbine Batteries Portability