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Desenvolvimento de um fantoma antropomórfico para estudo da perfusão do miocárdio
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As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), especificamente a Doença Arterial Coronária (DAC), constituem a principal causa de mortalidade mundial. Face à sua elevada prevalência, o diagnóstico precoce e a estratificação do risco são fundamentais para a implementação de estratégias clínicas que mitiguem os efeitos adversos na saúde pública. A SPECT-MPI (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Myocardial Perfusion Imaging) dedicada especificamente à análise da função e morfologia cardíaca, é amplamente utilizada no diagnóstico e estratificação da DAC, embora, a qualidade das imagens possa ser afetada por fatores degradantes como a baixa resolução espacial, a atenuação nos tecidos, o motion blur associado ao movimento fisiológico do miocárdio. Neste contexto, os Fantomas Antropomórficos (FA) simulam as propriedades anatómicas e fisiológicas da estrutura que representam no contexto imagiológico, proporcionando um ambiente controlado e reprodutível para o estudo, reduzindo a exposição do paciente à radiação. Consequentemente contribuindo para a otimização de protocolos de imagem e validação dos equipamentos. Todavia, o acesso a FA certificados para uso clínico é limitado pelos elevados custos de aquisição. A Prototipagem Rápida (PR) surge como uma alternativa viável, oferecendo elevada flexibilidade e liberdade de conceção, bem como a possibilidade de personalização de acordo com os requisitos do estudo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um FA do Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE), destinado ao estudo da perfusão miocárdica em SPECT-MPI, recorrendo à PR. O modelo foi concebido num software de modelação 3D, baseado nas dimensões dos fantomas homologados disponíveis, e produzido através da técnica de Digital Light Processing (DLP) e posteriormente montado. Foram produzidos dois modelos de fantoma do VE, em conformidade com os objetivos definidos, evidenciando o potencial da PR como ferramenta de fabrico de fantomas. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade e potencialidade desta tecnologia para obtenção de modelos com elevado rigor geométrico, adaptáveis a diferentes contextos de investigação, contribuindo para o avanço de metodologias de validação em imagiologia médica.
Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD, specifically Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Given its high prevalence, early diagnosis and risk stratification are essential for implementing clinical strategies aimed to mitigate adverse public health outcomes. SPECT-MPI (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Myocardial Perfusion Imaging), dedicated specifically to the assessment of cardiac function and morphology, is widely used in the diagnosis and risk stratification of CAD. However, the image quality may be compromised by degrading factors such as low spatial resolution and soft-tissue attenuation, motion blur associated with the physiological movement of the myocardium. In this context, Anthropomorphic Phantoms (AP) replicate the anatomical and physiological properties of the structures they represent within imaging studies, providing a controlled and reproducible environment for investigation while reducing patient exposure to radiation. Consequently, they contribute to the optimization of imaging protocols and equipment validation. Nevertheless, access to clinically certified APs is often limited due to their high acquisition costs. Rapid Prototyping (RP) emerges as a viable alternative, offering high flexibility and design freedom, as well as the possibility of customization according to specific study requirements. The aim of this work was the development of a Left Ventricle (LV) phantom for the study of myocardial perfusion using SPECT-MPI, employing RP. The model was designed using 3D modeling software, based on the dimensions of the approved reference phantoms available, and fabricated through Digital Light Processing (DLP), followed by assembly. Two LV phantom models were produced in accordance with the defined objectives, demonstrating the potential of RP as a tool for phantom fabrication. The results highlight the feasibility and capability of this technology to produce models with high geometric fidelity, adaptable to diverse research contexts, thereby contributing to the advancement of validation methodologies in medical imaging.
Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD, specifically Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Given its high prevalence, early diagnosis and risk stratification are essential for implementing clinical strategies aimed to mitigate adverse public health outcomes. SPECT-MPI (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Myocardial Perfusion Imaging), dedicated specifically to the assessment of cardiac function and morphology, is widely used in the diagnosis and risk stratification of CAD. However, the image quality may be compromised by degrading factors such as low spatial resolution and soft-tissue attenuation, motion blur associated with the physiological movement of the myocardium. In this context, Anthropomorphic Phantoms (AP) replicate the anatomical and physiological properties of the structures they represent within imaging studies, providing a controlled and reproducible environment for investigation while reducing patient exposure to radiation. Consequently, they contribute to the optimization of imaging protocols and equipment validation. Nevertheless, access to clinically certified APs is often limited due to their high acquisition costs. Rapid Prototyping (RP) emerges as a viable alternative, offering high flexibility and design freedom, as well as the possibility of customization according to specific study requirements. The aim of this work was the development of a Left Ventricle (LV) phantom for the study of myocardial perfusion using SPECT-MPI, employing RP. The model was designed using 3D modeling software, based on the dimensions of the approved reference phantoms available, and fabricated through Digital Light Processing (DLP), followed by assembly. Two LV phantom models were produced in accordance with the defined objectives, demonstrating the potential of RP as a tool for phantom fabrication. The results highlight the feasibility and capability of this technology to produce models with high geometric fidelity, adaptable to diverse research contexts, thereby contributing to the advancement of validation methodologies in medical imaging.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Fantoma antropomórfico cardíaco Doença arterial coronária SPECT-MPI Impressão 3D Prototipagem rápida Anthropomorphic cardiac phantom Coronary artery disease SPECT 3D printing Rapid prototypin