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Abstract(s)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo a otimização de uma formulação de um detergente de limpeza doméstico: gel amoniacal, cumprindo as especificações do produto, requisitos do cliente e o custo usando planeamento fatorial fracionado e planeamento de misturas, bem como os modelos de superfície de resposta. O delineamento experimental de misturas, aliado à otimização das características da qualidade, é considerado uma vantagem competitiva na procura da melhor qualidade ao mais baixo custo.
De forma a otimizar uma formulação já existente de um detergente gel amoniacal, foram efetuados vários ensaios através de duas metodologias: planeamento fatorial fracionado e posteriormente o planeamento de misturas.
O planeamento fatorial fracionado foi utilizado com o objetivo de efetuar uma triagem e compreender quais os fatores (i.e. os vários componentes da formulação) que influenciam as duas características da qualidade com interesse no estudo nomeadamente a viscosidade e o ponto de turvação. Para além de compreender o efeito que as várias matérias-primas têm sobre as variáveis de resposta estudadas foi também possível determinar o efeito das interações entre as matérias-primas sobre a viscosidade e sobre o ponto de turvação. Com base nas análises efetuadas, verificou-se que os tensioativos aniónicos (alquilbenzeno sulfonato de sódio e o lauril éter sulfato de sódio) e o cloreto de sódio, foram as matérias-primas com maior efeito nas respostas (viscosidade e ponto de turvação).
De seguida, através do planeamento de misturas, variaram-se as percentagens destas três matérias-primas, mantendo a base das restantes de forma a otimizar a viscosidade e o ponto de turvação dentro dos limites de especificação pretendidos para o produto melhorado. Ao aplicar o planeamento de misturas foi selecionado um desenho centroide com pontos axiais para explorar a superfície de resposta e recorreu-se ao software Design Expert 10 para o delineamento e análise dos ensaios. O método usado revelou-se adequado pois possibilitou otimizar uma formulação com recurso a um reduzido número de ensaios sendo uma mais valia para a indústria de desenvolvimento de formulações de detergentes industriais. A formulação otimizada apresenta valores de ponto de turvação e viscosidades melhoradas mantendo aproximadamente o custo da formulação de partida logo com maior razão beneficio custo.
The main objective of this work was to optimize a formulation of a household cleaning detergent an ammoniacal gel, complying with product specifications, customer requirements and the cost by fractional factorial experiments and mixture experiments, as well as response surface models. The experimental design of mixtures, for the optimization of quality characteristics, is considered a competitive advantage in the search for the best quality at the lowest cost. To optimize an existing formulation of an ammoniacal detergent gel, several tests were carried out through two methodologies: fractional factorial design followed by design of mixtures. Fractional factorial design was used with the purpose of sorting and understanding which factors (i.e. the components of the formulation) that impact the two quality characteristics of interest in the experimental work namely viscosity and cloud point. In addition to understanding the effect of the different raw materials on the response variables studied, it was also possible to determine the effect of the interactions between the raw materials on the viscosity and the cloud point. Based on the analyzes, it was verified that the anionic surfactants (sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate) and sodium chloride were the raw materials with the greatest effect on the responses (viscosity and cloud point). Then, through mixture design experiments, the percentages of these three raw materials were varied by keeping constant the base of the other constituents of formulation order to optimize the viscosity and the cloud point within the intended specification limits for the improved product. When applying the mixture design experiments, a centroid design with axial points was selected to explore the response surface and the Design Expert 10 software was used for the design and analysis of the experiments. The method used proved to be adequate since it enabled to optimize a formulation with a reduced number of tests being an advantage for the industry of industrial detergents where the development of new and improved formulations is part of the day to day work. The optimized formulation exhibits improved cloud point and viscosity values while maintaining approximately the cost of the starting formulation at a higher cost benefit ratio.
The main objective of this work was to optimize a formulation of a household cleaning detergent an ammoniacal gel, complying with product specifications, customer requirements and the cost by fractional factorial experiments and mixture experiments, as well as response surface models. The experimental design of mixtures, for the optimization of quality characteristics, is considered a competitive advantage in the search for the best quality at the lowest cost. To optimize an existing formulation of an ammoniacal detergent gel, several tests were carried out through two methodologies: fractional factorial design followed by design of mixtures. Fractional factorial design was used with the purpose of sorting and understanding which factors (i.e. the components of the formulation) that impact the two quality characteristics of interest in the experimental work namely viscosity and cloud point. In addition to understanding the effect of the different raw materials on the response variables studied, it was also possible to determine the effect of the interactions between the raw materials on the viscosity and the cloud point. Based on the analyzes, it was verified that the anionic surfactants (sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate) and sodium chloride were the raw materials with the greatest effect on the responses (viscosity and cloud point). Then, through mixture design experiments, the percentages of these three raw materials were varied by keeping constant the base of the other constituents of formulation order to optimize the viscosity and the cloud point within the intended specification limits for the improved product. When applying the mixture design experiments, a centroid design with axial points was selected to explore the response surface and the Design Expert 10 software was used for the design and analysis of the experiments. The method used proved to be adequate since it enabled to optimize a formulation with a reduced number of tests being an advantage for the industry of industrial detergents where the development of new and improved formulations is part of the day to day work. The optimized formulation exhibits improved cloud point and viscosity values while maintaining approximately the cost of the starting formulation at a higher cost benefit ratio.
Description
Trabalho final de mestrado para obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica
Keywords
Detergentes Detergents Tensioativos Surfactants Viscosidade Viscosity Ponto de turvação Cloud point Planeamento fatorial Design experiments Planeamento de misturas Experiments with mixtures
Citation
QUEDA, Vanessa Raquel Costa - Delineamento experimental na concepção e optimização de detergentes líquidos industriais. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 2017. Dissertação de mestrado.
Publisher
Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa