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A review of digital eye strain: binocular vision anomalies, ocular surface changes, and the need for objective assessment

2025-09Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorBarata, Maria João
dc.contributor.authorAguiar, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorGrzybowski, Andrzej
dc.contributor.authorMoreira-Rosário, André
dc.contributor.authorLança, Carla
dc.date.accessioned2025-12-16T10:07:37Z
dc.date.available2025-12-16T10:07:37Z
dc.date.issued2025-09
dc.description.abstractBackground: This study investigates the impact of digital device usage on the visual system, with a focus on binocular vision. It also highlights the importance of objective assessment in accurately diagnosing and guiding therapeutic approaches for Digital Eye Strain Syndrome (DESS). Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to synthesize existing evidence. The methodological quality of observational and case-control studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, while randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. Results: Fifteen articles were included in this review, with a predominant focus on binocular vision anomalies, particularly accommodative and vergence dysfunctions, as well as ocular surface anomalies related to DESS. Clinical assessments relied primarily on symptom-based questionnaires, which represent a significant limitation. The included studies were largely observational, with a lack of longitudinal and RCTs. In contrast, research in dry eye disease has been more comprehensive, with multiple RCTs already conducted. Therefore, it is essential to develop validated objective metrics that support accurate clinical diagnosis and guide evidence-based interventions. Conclusions: It remains unclear whether changes in binocular vision are a cause or consequence of DESS. However, prolonged screen time can exacerbate pre-existing binocular vision anomalies due to continuous strain on convergence and accommodation, leading to symptoms. Future research should prioritize prospective longitudinal studies and well-designed RCTs that integrate objective clinical measures to elucidate causal relationships and improve diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks.eng
dc.identifier.citationBarata MJ, Aguiar P, Grzybowski A, Moreira-Rosário A, Lança C. A review of digital eye strain: binocular vision anomalies, ocular surface changes, and the need for objective assessment. J Eye Mov Res. 2025;18(5):39.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/jemr18050039
dc.identifier.issn1995-8692
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/22323
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/1995-8692/18/5/39
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Eye Movement Research
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectOphthalmology
dc.subjectDigital eye strain
dc.subjectAccommodation
dc.subjectBinocular vision
dc.subjectConvergence
dc.subjectDry eye
dc.subjectOcular surface disease
dc.titleA review of digital eye strain: binocular vision anomalies, ocular surface changes, and the need for objective assessmenteng
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.referenceshttps://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jemr18050039/s1
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue5
oaire.citation.startPage39
oaire.citation.titleJournal of Eye Movement Research
oaire.citation.volume18
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameLança
person.givenNameCarla
person.identifier.ciencia-id601A-6412-BF2F
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9918-787X
relation.isAuthorOfPublication0320b455-ee19-4670-8bf2-10dce9de1bec
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery0320b455-ee19-4670-8bf2-10dce9de1bec

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