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O aumento de compostos farmacêuticos ativos (PhACs) nos sistemas hídricos tem sido um problema ambiental cada vez mais preocupante. Várias técnicas têm sido desenvolvidas a fim de remover estes compostos nas ETAR e ETA, como processos de separação física ou de degradação. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e estudado um processo híbrido de degradação de PhACs, a degradação fotocatalítica de Diclofenac (DCF), Paracetamol (PCM) e Ibuprofeno (IBP) com membranas de acetato de celulose incorporadas com nanopartículas (NPs) metálicas. As membranas foram preparadas pelo método de inversão de fases, sendo as NPs incorporadas na matriz da membrana no momento da sua formação. As NPs utilizadas foram sintetizadas ou adquiridas e caracterizadas por análise TEM e FTIR-ATR. A caracterização das membranas foi feita por análise SEM e EDS, determinação do teor de água e através de ensaios de permeação para determinar a permeabilidade hidráulica e a rejeição aos sais e aos solutos orgânicos, com a consequente determinação do MWCO. Foram realizados estudos de fotodegradação de DCF, PCM e IBP com NPs em suspensão (TiO2_NPs, TiO2P25_NPs, ZnO_NPs, Au/ZnO_NPs, Fe3O4_NPs, Fe3O4@TiO2_NPs e Fe3O4@ZnO_NPs), com membranas em suspensão e em permeação (CA 22, CA 22-0,5 TiO2, CA 22-0,5 TiO2 P25, CA 22-0,5 ZnO e CA 22-0,5 Fe3O4) numa instalação de ultrafiltração em fluxo tangencial. Todos os ensaios recorreram a uma luz de 125 W com um varrimento do espetro da gama do visível como fonte de irradiação. Foi possível comparar os resultados obtidos em cada ensaio, notando que se conseguiu resultados mais promissores com o sistema híbrido de membranas incorporadas com NPs em permeação, tendo a membrana CA 22-0,5 TiO2 permitido atingir maiores degradações de IBP e DCF. O PCM apenas foi possível degradar com NPs de dióxido de titânio em suspensão tendo-se obtido melhores resultados com as TiO2P25_NPs. Assim, mostrou-se que a utilização do sistema híbrido de fotodegradação com membranas incorporadas com NPs metálicas em permeação numa instalação de ultrafiltração permite eliminar PhACs, nomeadamente o DCF e do IBP.
Abstract The rise of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in water systems has been an increasingly worrying environmental problem. Several techniques have been developed in order to remove these compounds in water treatment plants, such as physical separation or degradation processes. In this work, a hybrid process of degradation of PhACs, the photocatalytic degradation of Diclofenac (DCF), Paracetamol (PCM) and Ibuprofen (IBP) with cellulose acetate membranes incorporated with metallic nanoparticles (NPs), was developed and studied. The membranes were prepared by the phase inversion method, and the NPs were incorporated into the membrane matrix at the time of its formation. The NPs used were synthesized or acquired and characterized by TEM and FTIR-ATR analysis. The characterization of the membranes was made by SEM and EDS analysis, determination of water content and through permeation tests to determine hydraulic permeability and salts and organic solutes rejections, with the consequent determination of MWCO. Photodegradation studies of DCF, PCM and IBP were conducted with suspended NPs (TiO2_NPs, TiO2P25_NPs, ZnO_NPs, Au/ZnO_NPs, Fe3O4_NPs, Fe3O4@TiO2_NPs and Fe3O4@ZnO_NPs), with membranes in suspension and permeation (CA22, CA 22-0.5 TiO2, CA 22-0.5 TiO2 P25, CA 22-0.5 ZnO and CA 22-0.5 Fe3O4) in an ultrafiltration facility in tangential flow. All tests used a 125 W light with a scan of the visible gamma spectrum as a source of irradiation. It was possible to compare the results obtained in each experiment and note that more promising results were achieved with the hybrid system of permeation with membranes incorporated with NPs, with the CA 22-0.5 TiO2 membrane achieving higher degradations of IBP and DCF. PCM was only possible to degrade with suspended titanium dioxide NPs and better results were obtained with TiO2P25_NPs. Thus, it was shown that using the hybrid photodegradation system with membranes incorporated with metal NPs in permeation in an ultrafiltration installation allows to eliminate PhACs, namely DCF and IBP.
Abstract The rise of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in water systems has been an increasingly worrying environmental problem. Several techniques have been developed in order to remove these compounds in water treatment plants, such as physical separation or degradation processes. In this work, a hybrid process of degradation of PhACs, the photocatalytic degradation of Diclofenac (DCF), Paracetamol (PCM) and Ibuprofen (IBP) with cellulose acetate membranes incorporated with metallic nanoparticles (NPs), was developed and studied. The membranes were prepared by the phase inversion method, and the NPs were incorporated into the membrane matrix at the time of its formation. The NPs used were synthesized or acquired and characterized by TEM and FTIR-ATR analysis. The characterization of the membranes was made by SEM and EDS analysis, determination of water content and through permeation tests to determine hydraulic permeability and salts and organic solutes rejections, with the consequent determination of MWCO. Photodegradation studies of DCF, PCM and IBP were conducted with suspended NPs (TiO2_NPs, TiO2P25_NPs, ZnO_NPs, Au/ZnO_NPs, Fe3O4_NPs, Fe3O4@TiO2_NPs and Fe3O4@ZnO_NPs), with membranes in suspension and permeation (CA22, CA 22-0.5 TiO2, CA 22-0.5 TiO2 P25, CA 22-0.5 ZnO and CA 22-0.5 Fe3O4) in an ultrafiltration facility in tangential flow. All tests used a 125 W light with a scan of the visible gamma spectrum as a source of irradiation. It was possible to compare the results obtained in each experiment and note that more promising results were achieved with the hybrid system of permeation with membranes incorporated with NPs, with the CA 22-0.5 TiO2 membrane achieving higher degradations of IBP and DCF. PCM was only possible to degrade with suspended titanium dioxide NPs and better results were obtained with TiO2P25_NPs. Thus, it was shown that using the hybrid photodegradation system with membranes incorporated with metal NPs in permeation in an ultrafiltration installation allows to eliminate PhACs, namely DCF and IBP.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Compostos farmacêuticos ativos Diclofenac Ibuprofeno Paracetamol Nanopartículas metálicas Membranas de acetato de celulose Fotocatálise Degradação fotocatalítica Ultrafiltração Fluxo tangencial Membranas incorporadas com nanopartículas metálicas Pharmaceutical active compounds Ibuprofen Metallic nanoparticles Cellulose acetate membranes Photocatalysis Photocatalytic degradation Ultrafiltration Tangential flow Membranes incorporated with metallic nanoparticles