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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A humanidade tem vindo cada vez mais a depender de fontes de energia não renovável, tendo sido a partir da Revolução industrial no século XIX que se registou ainda um maior aumento desta dependência. A partir deste século, as fontes de energia primárias deixaram de ser suficientes para os consumos energéticos da humanidade, sendo no setor dos edifícios um dos mais consumidores. Derivado da evolução deste setor, o consumo energético dos mesmos tem aumentado, tendo registado que o consumo energético por parte dos edifícios ronda cerca dos 40% dos consumos totais da União Europeia. Devido a este consumo exacerbado, a União Europeia tem vindo apresenta algumas preocupações e considera a utilização de energias renováveis e a redução do consumo de energia.
As metas propostas para realização deste trabalho são de conseguir identificar e caracterizar quais as melhores medidas de eficiência energética a aplicar aos sistemas de Aquecimento, Ventilação e Ar Condicionado para quatro países presentes na Europa, tendo em conta os seus custos de implementação, exploração. A análise financeira das medidas, serão estudadas através da metodologia de custo ótimo, com a qual se encontrará a solução mais rentável de um conjunto de várias soluções.
De maneira a encontrar as tais medidas ótimas de cada país, serão feitos alguns estudos para obtenção do sistema com menor custo de exploração e menores emissões de gases efeito estufa. Na perspetiva financeira, encontraram-se os sistemas mais económicos a partir da relação de energia consumida e custo de exploração do sistema de climatização. Na vertente ambiental, foram considerados os valores de emissões de dióxido de carbono que cada um dos sistemas emite para o meio ambiente, dependendo este valor das condições energéticas do país em que se insere o edifício.
Ainda serão apresentados os coeficientes globais de transferência de calor ótimos para as paredes e janelas dos edifícios abastecidos por energia térmica do sistema de referência e pelo sistema com menor custo de exploração.
Assim se obteve as várias soluções de melhoria de eficiência energética do sistema, atuando na envolvente e no sistema de climatização do edifício.
Humanity has been increasingly dependent on non-renewable energy sources, and since the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century there has been a further increase in this dependence. From this century, primary energy sources are no longer sufficient for the energy consumptions of humanity, being in the buildings sector one of the most consuming. As a result of the evolution of this sector, their energy consumption has increased, with energy consumption by buildings around 40% of the total consumption in the European Union. Due to this exacerbated consumption, the European Union has come up with some concerns and considers the use of renewable energy and the reduction of energy consumption. The goals proposed for this work are to identify and characterize the best energy efficiency measures to be applied to the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems for four countries present in Europe, taking into account their costs of implementation, operation. The financial analysis of the measures will be studied through the methodology of optimal cost, which will find the most cost effective solution of a set of several solutions. In this field of financial calculation it wasn’t possible to implement the investment costs of the different types of equipment used, being only applied in the elements of the envelope, insulation and windows. On the environmental side, the values of carbon dioxide emissions that each of the systems emit for the environment were considered, depending on this value of the energy conditions of the country where the building is inserted. The optimum global heat transfer coefficients for the walls and windows of buildings supplied by thermal energy of the reference system and by the most profitable system will also be presented. This resulted in the various solutions to improve the energy efficiency of the system, acting in the surroundings and in the system of air conditioning of the building.
Humanity has been increasingly dependent on non-renewable energy sources, and since the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century there has been a further increase in this dependence. From this century, primary energy sources are no longer sufficient for the energy consumptions of humanity, being in the buildings sector one of the most consuming. As a result of the evolution of this sector, their energy consumption has increased, with energy consumption by buildings around 40% of the total consumption in the European Union. Due to this exacerbated consumption, the European Union has come up with some concerns and considers the use of renewable energy and the reduction of energy consumption. The goals proposed for this work are to identify and characterize the best energy efficiency measures to be applied to the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems for four countries present in Europe, taking into account their costs of implementation, operation. The financial analysis of the measures will be studied through the methodology of optimal cost, which will find the most cost effective solution of a set of several solutions. In this field of financial calculation it wasn’t possible to implement the investment costs of the different types of equipment used, being only applied in the elements of the envelope, insulation and windows. On the environmental side, the values of carbon dioxide emissions that each of the systems emit for the environment were considered, depending on this value of the energy conditions of the country where the building is inserted. The optimum global heat transfer coefficients for the walls and windows of buildings supplied by thermal energy of the reference system and by the most profitable system will also be presented. This resulted in the various solutions to improve the energy efficiency of the system, acting in the surroundings and in the system of air conditioning of the building.
Description
Trabalho final de mestrado para obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Keywords
Medidas de eficiência energética Energy efficiency measures Metodologia do custo-ótimo Cost-optimal methodology EPBD-recast EPBD-recast Sistemas AVAC HVAC system Energia em edifícios Buildings energy Simulação energética multizona de edifícios Multizone energetic simulation of buildings Legislação portuguesa Portuguese legislation Diretivas europeias European directives
Citation
RAMOS, Jorge Miguel Cabrita - Estudo de soluções de medidas de eficiência energética em sistemas AVAC utilizando a metodologia do custo-ótimo com a diretiva europeia EPBD. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 2017. Dissertação de mestrado.
Publisher
Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa