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Comparação de bombas de calor com diferentes fluidos frigorigéneos
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As bombas de calor são equipamentos de climatização que podem ser implementados em grande parte dos edifícios, assegurando funções de climatização e produção de águas quentes sanitárias. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a influência da escolha do fluido frigorigéneo na eficiência de uma bomba de calor de 7 kW, funcionando sob diferentes condições exteriores e/ou interiores. Os fluidos frigorigéneos estudados foram R-290, R-32 e R-410A, por apresentarem propriedades termodinâmicas favoráveis à sua aplicação em bombas de calor e por serem comuns em sistemas atualmente instalados em várias regiões do mundo. A análise foi desenvolvida considerando três localizações representativas de diferentes condições climáticas: Lisboa, com clima ameno e húmido, BodØ na Noruega, com clima frio e húmido e Tatlar na Turquia, com verões quentes e invernos frios, ambos secos. A metodologia baseou-se no cálculo dos indicadores de eficiência energética dos sistemas: COP para o modo de aquecimento e produção de AQS, e EER para o modo de arrefecimento, ao longo do ano. Para esse efeito, foi desenvolvida uma folha de cálculo específica, considerando pressupostos termodinâmicos e parâmetros. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que, no modo de produção de AQS, o sistema a R-290 apresentou uma eficiência média 2,7% superior ao R-32 e 9,5% superior ao R-410A, nas três regiões estudadas. No modo de aquecimento para climatização, o R-290 foi, em média, 0,9% mais eficiente que o R-32 e 5% mais eficiente que o R-410A. Para o modo de arrefecimento, o R-290 superou a eficiência média do R-32 em 0,4% com este último a apresentar uma eficiência média 0,2% mais elevada na cidade de BodØ. Contudo, tendo como base o R-410A, o R-290 apresentou valores de EER médios, 11,7% superiores em Lisboa e Tatlar, não sendo possível o sistema a R-410A operar em BodØ, devido a limitações nas temperaturas de funcionamento.
Abstract Heat pumps are climate control systems that can be implemented in most buildings, providing space conditioning functions as well as domestic hot water production. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the choice of refrigerant on the efficiency of a 7 kW heat pump operating under different outdoor and/or indoor conditions. The refrigerants analyzed were R-290, R-32 and R-410A, as they present thermodynamic properties favorable to their application in heat pump systems and are commonly used in installations currently operating in various regions worldwide. The analysis was carried out considering three locations representative of different climatic conditions: Lisbon, with a mild and humid climate; Bodø, in Norway, with a cold and humid climate; and Tatlar, in Turkey, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, both with dry conditions. The methodology was based on the calculation of the systems’ energy efficiency indicators: COP for heating mode and DHW production, and EER for cooling mode, over the course of a year. For this purpose, a dedicated spreadsheet was developed, considering thermodynamic assumptions and parameters. The results show that, in DHW production mode, the R-290 system presented an average efficiency 2.7% higher than R-32 and 9.5% higher than R-410A across the three regions studied. In space heating mode, R-290 was, on average, 0.9% more efficient than R-32 and 5% more efficient than R-410A. In cooling mode, R-290 exceeded the average efficiency of R-32 by 0.4%, although R-32 exhibited an average efficiency 0.2% higher in the city of Bodø. However, when compared with R-410A, R-290 showed average EER values 11.7% higher in Lisbon and Tatlar. Operation of the R-410A system in Bodø was not possible due to limitations related to operating temperature ranges.
Abstract Heat pumps are climate control systems that can be implemented in most buildings, providing space conditioning functions as well as domestic hot water production. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the choice of refrigerant on the efficiency of a 7 kW heat pump operating under different outdoor and/or indoor conditions. The refrigerants analyzed were R-290, R-32 and R-410A, as they present thermodynamic properties favorable to their application in heat pump systems and are commonly used in installations currently operating in various regions worldwide. The analysis was carried out considering three locations representative of different climatic conditions: Lisbon, with a mild and humid climate; Bodø, in Norway, with a cold and humid climate; and Tatlar, in Turkey, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, both with dry conditions. The methodology was based on the calculation of the systems’ energy efficiency indicators: COP for heating mode and DHW production, and EER for cooling mode, over the course of a year. For this purpose, a dedicated spreadsheet was developed, considering thermodynamic assumptions and parameters. The results show that, in DHW production mode, the R-290 system presented an average efficiency 2.7% higher than R-32 and 9.5% higher than R-410A across the three regions studied. In space heating mode, R-290 was, on average, 0.9% more efficient than R-32 and 5% more efficient than R-410A. In cooling mode, R-290 exceeded the average efficiency of R-32 by 0.4%, although R-32 exhibited an average efficiency 0.2% higher in the city of Bodø. However, when compared with R-410A, R-290 showed average EER values 11.7% higher in Lisbon and Tatlar. Operation of the R-410A system in Bodø was not possible due to limitations related to operating temperature ranges.
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Bomba de calor Fluido frigorigéneo Eficiência energética Coeficiente de desempenho Condições de funcionamento Heat pumps Refrigerant Energy efficiency Coefficient of performance Operating conditions