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- Analysis of the public policies and constraints limiting the aquaponics industryPublication . Dos-Santos, Maria José Palma Lampreia; Mata, F.Aquaponics is an innovative sustainable method for the simultaneous production of vegetables and fish, enabling localized inland fish farming and vegetable cultivation without the need for artificial fertilizers. To assess the potential development of commercial aquaponics in Europe, a group of European stakeholders and experts were interviewed to analyze their perspectives on the challenges faced by this emerging sector. This paper evaluates and discusses the primary issues encountered by stakeholders, proposing to the public decision makers strategies to address these barriers and constraints. Legal and administrative obstacles in public policies were identified, highlighting the need for a special legal and regulatory framework for aquaponics. Currently, from the European and international public policies bureaucratic inefficiencies, such as duplicated licensing procedures, sales authorizations, and permitting processes, hinder sector growth. Additionally, the use of exotic fish species, such as tilapia (Tilapia spp.), is restricted under existing aquaculture regulations. Alternative freshwater species suitable for integration into aquaponics systems include largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), and eel (Anguilla anguilla). To overcome the legal and public policies barriers to the organic certification of aquaponics products, it is recommended that producers collaborate to develop tailored certification schemes specific to the sector. Indeed, strong investment in advertising and marketing targeting European consumers is needed to foster more favorable attitudes and intentions toward promoting this industry.
- Aquaponics as a sustainable and healthy food production system for PortugalPublication . Mata, F.; Dos Santos, Maria José Palma LampreiaThe aquaponics biological cycle Aquaponics has enormous potential in the regulation and recycling of valuable nutrients, otherwise lost to the environment with pollution potential. Aquaponics integrates freshwater aquaculture and hydroponics in a mini ecosystem. It uses the water of a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) in soilless plant farming. The process includes a biofilter where nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia, resulting from fish excreta or uneaten feed, into nitrates and nitrites. While fish are extremely sensitive to ammonia, they are more tolerant to nitrates and nitrites. Nevertheless, these need also to be removed from the fish environment before accumulation to toxic levels. This is where hydroponics may come in as a useful manner of disposing nitrogen off the RAS. Nitrogen is the main macronutrient for plant growth, therefore an indispensable element in fertilization. The advantages of combining a RAS with hydroponics becomes therefore evident as a win-win solution for the problematic nitrates of the RAS and the expensive nitrogen fertilizers of plant production.