Browsing by Author "Barradas, Ricardo"
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- Desafios do sistema de pensões em Portugal: reflexões em torno da sustentabilidade financeira e social, dos modelos organizativos e das formas de financiamentoPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Lagoa, SérgioEste texto é uma síntese de um trabalho mais vasto sobre esta temática e debruça-se sobre a situação atual do sistema de pensões, a sua eficiência relativa em termos europeus e as suas perspetivas de evolução. Posteriormente, analisa as reformas internacionais mais marcantes e os argumentos a favor e contra os principais modelos de gestão. Por fim, analisa as fontes de financiamento da Segurança Social e apresenta os possíveis vetores de reforma paramétrica do sistema, com identificação de algumas propostas que nos parecem mais razoáveis.
- Determinants of the Portuguese government bond yieldsPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Pinho, AndréThis paper conducts an empirical examination of the determinants of the 10‐, 5‐ and 1‐year Portuguese government bond yields by performing a time series econometric analysis for the period between the first quarter of 2000 and the last quarter of 2016. The literature suggests that the evolution of government bond yields depends on three main risk drivers, namely credit risk, global risk aversion and liquidity risk. We estimate three equations for the 10‐, 5‐ and 1‐year Portuguese government bond yields, including eight independent variables (macroeconomic performance, fiscal conditions, foreign borrowing, the inflation rate, labour productivity, the demographic situation, global risk aversion and liquidity risk) to take into account all three risk drivers referred to in the literature. Our results show that there are no significant differences in the determinants of the Portuguese government bond yields among the different maturities, either in the long term or in the short term. Our results also confirm that all three of the risk drivers have exerted a strong influence on the evolution of the Portuguese government bond yields. Liquidity risk, foreign borrowing and the inflation rate are the main triggers of the rise in the Portuguese government bond yields, which does not counterweigh the beneficial effects played by the fiscal conditions, labour productivity and demographic situation.
- Determinants of the portuguese government bond yieldsPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Pinto, AndréThis paper conducts an empirical examination of the determinants of the ten-, five- and one-year Portuguese government bond yields by performing a time series econometric analysis for the period between the first quarter of 2000 and the last quarter of 2016. The literature suggests that the evolution of government bond yields depends on three main risk drivers, namely credit risk, global risk aversion and liquidity risk. We estimate three equations for the ten-, five- and one-year Portuguese government bond yields, including eight independent variables (macroeconomic performance, fiscal conditions, foreign borrowing, the inflation rate, labour productivity, the demographic situation, global risk aversion and liquidity risk) to take into account all three risk drivers referred to in the literature. Our results show that there are no significant differences in the determinants of the Portuguese government bond yields among the different maturities, either in the long term or in the short term. Our results also confirm that all three of the risk drivers have exerted a strong influence on the evolution of the Portuguese government bond yields. Liquidity risk, the inflation rate and foreign borrowing are the main triggers of the rise in the Portuguese government bond yields, which does not counterweigh the beneficial effects played by the fiscal conditions, demographic situation and labour productivity.
- Does the financial system support economic growth in times of financialisation? Evidence for PortugalPublication . Barradas, RicardoThe purpose of this paper is the conduction of a time series econometric analysis in order to examine empirically the relationship between the financial system and economic growth in Portugal from 1977 to 2016. The Portuguese financial system has experienced a strong wave of privatisations, liberalisations and deregulations since the adhesion of Portugal to the European Economic Community in 1986, which has not favoured a sustained path of strong economic growth since then. The growth of the financial system played even a crucial role in the recent sovereign debt crisis in Portugal, casting doubts on the conventional hypothesis on the finance- growth nexus. The paper estimates a linear growth model and a non-linear growth model, which includes four proxies for the financial system (money supply, credit, financial value added and stock market capitalisation) and four further control variables (inflation, government consumption, trade openness and education). The paper finds a negative linear relationship between the banking system and Portuguese economic growth, a positive linear relationship between the stock markets and Portuguese economic growth, a concave quadratic relationship between the banking system and Portuguese economic growth, and a convex quadratic relationship between the stock markets and Portuguese economic growth. This suggests that Portuguese policy makers should canalise efforts to decrease the importance of banking system and to increase the importance of stock markets in order to support more robust economic growth in the coming years.
- Does the financial system support economic growth in times of financialisation? Evidence for PortugalPublication . Barradas, RicardoThis paper conducts a time series econometric analysis in order to examine empirically the relationship between the financial system and economic growth in Portugal from 1977 to 2016. The Portuguese financial system has experienced a strong wave of privatisations, liberalisations and deregulations since the adhesion of Portugal to the European Economic Community in 1986, which has not favoured a sustained path of strong economic growth since then. The paper estimates a linear growth model and a non-linear growth model, which includes four proxies for the financial system (money supply, credit, financial value added and stock market capitalisation) and four further control variables (inflation, government consumption, trade openness and education). The paper finds a negative linear relationship between the banking system and Portuguese economic growth, a positive linear relationship between the stock markets and Portuguese economic growth, a concave quadratic relationship between the banking system and Portuguese economic growth, and a convex quadratic relationship between the stock markets and Portuguese economic growth. This suggests that Portuguese policy makers should canalise efforts to decrease the importance of banking system and to increase the importance of stock markets in order to support more robust economic growth in the coming years.
- Drivers of private consumption in the era of financialisation: new evidence for the European Union countriesPublication . Barradas, RicardoThis paper provides an empirical assessment of the effects of financialisation on private consumption using panel data for all 28 European Union countries from 1995 to 2015. According to the post Keynesian literature, financialisation exerts two contradictory effects on private consumption, notably a negative one linked to the fall of households’ labour income and a positive one related to the increase of households’ (financial and housing) wealth. A private consumption equation was estimated by including three variables linked to financialisation (labour income, financial wealth and housing wealth) and five additional control variables (lagged private consumption, short-term interest rate, long-term interest rate, inflation rate and unemployment rate). Our results confirm that financialisation has been detrimental to private consumption in the EU countries as a whole, and more specifically in the Euro area countries, as the beneficial wealth effect has not been sufficient to compensate for the prejudicial income effect. The fall of households’ labour income has even been the highest constraint on private consumption in the Euro area countries
- Essays on the Portuguese economy: the era of financialisationPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Sérgio LagoaEsta tese de Doutoramento procura avaliar o processo de financeirização em Portugal desde os anos oitenta e uma dimensão particular do mesmo processo nos países da União Europeia desde meados da década de noventa, através da compilação de quatro Ensaios inter-relacionados. O conceito amplo e complexo de financeirização tende a oferecer uma perspectiva negativa sobre o impacto do crescimento da finança na economia, ao contrário da teoria económica convencional que considera o crescimento da finança como um fenómeno geralmente positivo. Neste sentido, a emergência da financeirização em Portugal é contextualizada segundo uma perspectiva histórica, económica e internacional no primeiro Ensaio. Baseado na análise de vários indicadores, este Ensaio conclui que a economia portuguesa exibe sintomas de financeiração que colocaram em evidência fraquezas estruturais desta economia, desempenhando portanto um papel importante na recente crise da dívida soberana. O segundo Ensaio procura analisar empiricamente a relação entre a financeirização e o investimento real português através de uma análise econométrica de séries temporais. A financeirização, por um lado, conduz a um aumento dos investimentos financeiros por parte das empresas não financeiras, o que desvia fundos dos investimentos reais (efeito “crowding out”). Por outro lado, as pressões em torno da intensificação dos pagamentos financeiros restringem igualmente os fundos disponíveis para a materialização de investimentos reais. Este Ensaio conclui que o processo de financeirização tem contribuído para uma desaceleração do investimento real português, principalmente através do canal dos pagamentos financeiros. A análise empírica do segundo Ensaio é estendida para os países da União Europeia no terceiro Ensaio usando uma análise econométrica em dados de painel. Este Ensaio conclui que o processo de financeirização tem penalizado o investimento real nestes países, principalmente através dos pagamentos financeiros. Este Ensaio identifica ainda que o processo de financeirização causa um abrandamento mais acentuado do investimento real nos países mais financeirizados, o que acaba por se revelar uma conclusão importante para uma economia menos financeirizada como a portuguesa. O quarto Ensaio procura avaliar empiricamente a relação entre a financeirização e a parcela dos rendimen tos do trabalho em Portugal, conduzindo uma análise veconométrica de séries temporais. O processo de financeirização tende a aumentar a desigualdade na distribuição funcional do rendimento, visível na crescente importância dos lucros em detrimento da parcela dos rendimentos do trabalho, o que ocorre através de três canais: a mudança na composição sectorial da economia (aumento do peso do sector financeiro e diminuição do peso do sector público), a filosofia subjacente à criação de valor para o acionista e o enfraquecimento dos sindicatos. O Ensaio conclui que o processo de financeirização tem sido responsável pela evolução da parcela dos rendimentos do trabalho, sobretudo por via do peso do sector público e dos sindicatos. De forma geral, esta tese de Doutoramento oferece evidência adicional que o processo de financeirização também afecta negativamente e sobre diferentes primas economias mais pequenas, menos desenvolvidas e mais periféricas, como Portugal.
- Evolution of the financial sector – three different stages: repression, development and financialisationPublication . Barradas, RicardoThis paper makes a systematic literature review on the evolution of the financial sector in the last decades all over the world, but especially in the more developed countries. This evolution was marked by three different stages, reflecting different impacts of the financial sector on the real economy and on society. The first stage – financial repression – is characterised by the existence of several regulations and restrictions on the financial sector, which proved to be detrimental to support economic growth. This legitimised the financial liberalisation and deregulation of the financial sector in the recent years, representing the second stage – financial development. Consequently, there was a strong growth of the financial sector in subsequent years, originating an excessive financial deepening and casting doubts around the advantages provided by the financial sector. In fact, excessive financial deepening weakened or reversed the relationship between savings and investments. The large growth of the financial sector and its deleterious effects are commonly referred as financialisation, constituting the third stage. The paper concludes that it is necessary to engage in a fourth stage in the coming years – de-financialisation – in order to re-establish a more supportive relationship between the financial sector and economic growth and presents several policy recommendations around this matter.
- Evolution of the financial sector - Three different stages: repression, development and financialisationPublication . Barradas, RicardoThis chapter makes a systematic literature review on the evolution of the financial sector in the last decades all over the world, but especially in the more developed countries. This evolution was marked by three different stages, reflecting different impacts of the financial sector on the real economy and on society. The first stage financial repression is characterised by the existence of several regulations and restrictions on the financial sector, which proved to be detrimental to support economic growth. This legitimised the financial liberalisation and deregulation of the financial sector in the recent years, representing the second stage financial development. Consequently, there was a strong growth of the financial sector in subsequent years, originating an excessive financial deepening and casting doubts around the advantages provided by the financial sector. In fact, excessive financial deepening weakened or reversed the relationship between savings and investments. The large growth of the financial sector and its deleterious effects are commonly referred as financialisation, constituting the third stage. The chapter concludes that it is necessary to engage in a fourth stage in the coming years de-financialisation in order to re-establish a more supportive relationship between the financial sector and economic growth and presents several policy recommendations about this matter.
- Financialisation and Real Investment in the European Union Using a Country-Level Analysis: Beneficial or Prejudicial Effects?Publication . Barradas, RicardoThis paper makes an empirical assessment of the relationship between financialisation and real investment by non-financial corporations using panel data composed of 27 European Union countries over 19 years (from 1995 to 2013). On one hand, financialisation leads to a rise in financial investments, deviating funds from real investments (“crowding out” effect). On the other, pressures from shareholders to intensify financial payments restrict the funds available for new real investments. We estimate an aggregate investment equation with the traditional variables (profitability, debt, cost of capital, savings rate and output growth) and two further measures of financialisation (financial receipts and financial payments). Findings show that financialisation has damaged real investment in European Union countries, mainly through the channel of financial payments either in interest or dividend payments. It is also found that the prejudicial effects of financialisation in investment are more marked in more financialised countries. In addition, it is concluded that debt has a harmful effect on real investment as the increasing levels of non-financial corporations' indebtedness prevent the use of new debts to finance real investments.