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Valorising food waste using black soldier fly larvae: a One Health assessment of mycotoxin bioaccumulation and mycotoxigenic fungi under industrial-scale conditions

2026-10Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Joana
dc.contributor.authorCervantes, Renata
dc.contributor.authorPena, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorGomes, Bianca
dc.contributor.authorKosicki, Robert
dc.contributor.authorTrindade, Alexandre
dc.contributor.authorMurta, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorViegas, Carla
dc.contributor.authorTwarużek, Magdalena
dc.contributor.authorAssunção, Ricardo
dc.date.accessioned2026-10-09T14:02:16Z
dc.date.available2026-10-09T14:02:16Z
dc.date.issued2026-10
dc.descriptionJoana Oliveira is funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Lisbon, Portugal, through a PhD studentship (grant number 2022.13540.BDANA). This work was financially supported by “InsectERA” (Project No. C644917393-00000032) within the WPs InBioremediation and One Health, funded by Next Generation EU European Fund and the Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR), under the scope of the incentive line “Agendas for Business Innovation” through the funding scheme C5—Capitalization and Business Innovation, and CiiEM Research Grant “Flywaste”, and by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P.), through project reference UID/4585/2025.
dc.description.abstractFood waste is a major challenge for environmental sustainability and food security. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) offer a sustainable solution by converting food waste into high-quality protein, aligned with One Health principles. However, concerns over bioaccumulation of contaminants, including fungi and mycotoxins, have limited the use of food waste as insect substrate. This study evaluated whether BSFL bioaccumulate mycotoxins under industrial-scale rearing conditions, using bioaccumulation factors, while also assessing contamination with fungi of mycotoxin-producing potential. To do that, approximately two tonnes of food waste were collected from restaurants in Santarém, Portugal, processed into a test substrate, along with the cereal-based Gainesville diet as a control. Larvae were reared for 14 days, and samples of substrates, larvae, frass, and BSF meal were analysed for fungal contamination and mycotoxin concentration using culture-based methods and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Mycotoxigenic fungi belonging to Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium were predominantly below the limit of detection in larvae. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and HT-2 toxin were detected in the substrates, but none of these mycotoxins were detected or quantified in larvae, with bioaccumulation factors consistently below one, indicating no significant accumulation. DON and ZEN were also detected in frass, in some cases at higher concentrations than in the corresponding initial substrates. These findings demonstrate that, under the conditions tested, BSFL did not bioaccumulate the mycotoxins detected in the rearing substrates, while their occurrence in frass highlights the importance of considering contaminant distribution across outputs of the bioconversion process. Overall, this study supports the safe use of BSFL for industrial-scale food waste valorisation and highlights their contribution to improving public health.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipJoana Oliveira is funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Lisbon, Portugal, through a PhD studentship (grant number 2022.13540.BDANA). This work was financially supported by “InsectERA” (Project No. C644917393-00000032) within the WPs InBioremediation and One Health, funded by Next Generation EU European Fund and the Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR), under the scope of the incentive line “Agendas for Business Innovation” through the funding scheme C5—Capitalization and Business Innovation, and CiiEM Research Grant “Flywaste”, and by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P.), through project reference UID/4585/2025.
dc.identifier.citationOliveira J, Cervantes R, Pena P, Gomes B, Kosicki R, Viegas C, et al. Valorising food waste using black soldier fly larvae: a One Health assessment of mycotoxin bioaccumulation and mycotoxigenic fungi under industrial-scale conditions. J Agric Food Res. 2026;31:103356.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jafr.2026.103356
dc.identifier.issn2666-1543
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/23221
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier BV
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154326007271
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Agriculture and Food Research
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectBlack soldier fly larvae
dc.subjectWaste valorisation
dc.subjectFood safety
dc.subjectOne Health
dc.subjectMycotoxins
dc.subjectFungal contamination
dc.titleValorising food waste using black soldier fly larvae: a One Health assessment of mycotoxin bioaccumulation and mycotoxigenic fungi under industrial-scale conditionseng
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.referenceshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154326007271#appsec1
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.startPage103356
oaire.citation.titleJournal of Agriculture and Food Research
oaire.citation.volume31
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameWellenkamp de Carvalho Freire de Cervantes
person.familyNamePena
person.familyNameGomes
person.familyNameViegas
person.givenNameRenata
person.givenNamePedro
person.givenNameBianca
person.givenNameCarla
person.identifier2041141
person.identifier.ciencia-id6018-3CC9-B640
person.identifier.ciencia-idD71B-656F-BB9D
person.identifier.ciencia-idAD1E-B4CE-389D
person.identifier.ciencia-idEE1E-C639-D70F
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5990-4168
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-2188-9318
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6264-6072
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1545-6479
person.identifier.ridB-7217-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57222077827
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55443609700
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery28678633-1f6a-4b79-8150-12a857f4a531

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