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Development of an indexed score to identify the most suitable biological material to assess SARS-CoV-2

2024-03Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorAlmeida-Silva, Marina
dc.contributor.authorCervantes, Renata
dc.contributor.authorRibeiro, Edna
dc.contributor.authorMarques-Ramos, Ana
dc.date.accessioned2024-04-01T11:35:54Z
dc.date.available2024-04-01T11:35:54Z
dc.date.issued2024-03
dc.descriptionNo funding was directly required to develop this research. H&TRC authors gratefully acknowledge the FCT/MCTES national support through the UIDB/05608/2020 and UIDP/05608/2020.pt_PT
dc.description.abstractIntroduction: The rapidly contagious process of respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 makes it urgent to multiply testing for diagnostics to identify the active viral shedding cases (current infection, carriage state, or, residual viral RNA) and decrease the risk of transmission to other patients and healthcare professionals. Although nasopharyngeal swabs (NPSs) are the most common specimen type used for COVID-19 diagnosis, they require supervision by a professional, and concerns have been raised regarding healthcare personnel exposure, difficulty in collection, and patient discomfort. Viral RNA can also be detected in specimens such as saliva, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, sputum, faeces, and urine. This study aimed to provide updated information about the most suitable biological material to diagnose SARS-CoV-2, considering the risk assessment, specialization needed, test cost, complexity of the collection, and sample treatment associated with the different types of specimens. Methods: An extensive search of scientific review articles were made to collect information about the biological specimens to identify SARS-CoV-2 in the urine, sputum, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, bronchoalveolar (BAL), saliva, faeces, and blood. For this purpose, an index score was developed based on seven categories: Materials and Equipment; Infection Risk for the Health Professional; Infection Risk for the Patient; Collection; Cost; Specialized HR; and RNA Extraction Type. Results and Discussion: Each criterion from the index score was quoted from 1.0 to 5.0, and a sum was made to classify which specimen is the best choice to diagnose SARS-CoV-2, according to the chosen parameters. Data indicated that urine specimens are the most elementary biological sample to access. Regarding RNA extraction, NPSs, OPS, and BAL presented the maximum score. However, BAL has the lowest score regarding associated costs. Concerning sputum and saliva, all the aspects were evaluated with a score of 5.0 except for the RNA Extraction Type in sputum. Regarding the total scores of the multiple specimens, the lowest corresponds to BAL with a score of 1.7, followed by blood with 3.1 and NPSs and OPS with 3.6 and 3.7, respectively. Urine and faeces have the same value, 4.4, sputum has 4.9, and the highest and maximum possible value corresponds to saliva with 5.0, making this last specimen the most suitable for all considered parameters. Conclusion: Although OPS and NPSs are the most used specimens, there are better alternatives. Among all the specimens of the respiratory system, saliva is the most cost-effective specimen for performing SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Even though these infections are usually diagnosed clinically based on symptoms and local epidemiology, identification of the specific pathogen may affect clinical management and be crucial for containing potential outbreaks.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationAlmeida-Silva M, Cervantes R, Ribeiro E, Marques-Ramos A. Development of an indexed score to identify the most suitable biological material to assess SARS-CoV-2. Appl Sci. 2024;14(7):2761.pt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/app14072761pt_PT
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/17235
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherMDPIpt_PT
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/7/2761pt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectCOVID-19pt_PT
dc.subjectSARS-CoV-2pt_PT
dc.subjectBiological materialpt_PT
dc.subjectScorept_PT
dc.subjectRisk assessmentpt_PT
dc.subjectFCT_UIDB/05608/2020pt_PT
dc.subjectFCT_UIDP/05608/2020pt_PT
dc.titleDevelopment of an indexed score to identify the most suitable biological material to assess SARS-CoV-2pt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue7pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage2761pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleApplied Sciencespt_PT
oaire.citation.volume14pt_PT
person.familyNameWellenkamp de Carvalho Freire de Cervantes
person.familyNameRibeiro
person.familyNameMarques-Ramos
person.givenNameRenata
person.givenNameEdna
person.givenNameAna
person.identifier.ciencia-id6018-3CC9-B640
person.identifier.ciencia-idC414-CDF2-D35A
person.identifier.ciencia-id0617-3550-881E
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5990-4168
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-1316-7750
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-2655-8806
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublication28678633-1f6a-4b79-8150-12a857f4a531
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationa571bf34-bcda-49ca-b5cb-4cdecbb3d9c7
relation.isAuthorOfPublication0b8d516d-bf23-4db0-8224-d33e28d309ac
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery0b8d516d-bf23-4db0-8224-d33e28d309ac

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