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Comparação das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa de veículos elétricos a baterias e veículos elétricos a pilha de combustível usando análise do ciclo de vida
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Authors
Abstract(s)
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a comparação das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa de veículos elétricos a baterias (BEV) e veículos elétricos a pilha de combustível (FCEV), utilizando como exemplos o Tesla® Model 3 e o Toyota® Mirai respetivamente, tendo como base deste estudo o ciclo de vida de cada um dos veículos. Assim sendo, nesta dissertação realizou-se uma pesquisa teórica acerca do ciclo de vida de cada um dos veículos, tendo sido definidas fronteiras para cada ciclo. Definidas as fronteiras, realizou-se o inventário dos veículos que permitirá estudar cada fase do ciclo de vida destes. Desta forma, ocorre a necessidade de realizar um estudo acerca dos componentes principais de cada veículo e qual o seu papel no que diz respeito às emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. Tendo determinado os ciclos de vida de cada veículo, definiu-se como base para o estudo o sistema energético português, porém, apenas se consideraram as percentagens de energia produzida através de fontes renováveis. Recorrendo ao programa GREET®, foram realizadas simulações para ambos os veículos de forma a comparar as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa durante o seu ciclo de vida. Como resultados obtidos verificam-se emissões de 0,017 kgCO2e/km para os FCEV e 0,029 kgCO2e/km para os BEV, o que indica que os FCEV, no global do seu ciclo de vida, serão menos poluentes no que diz respeito à emissão de gases de efeito de estufa, comparativamente aos BEV. Ao comparar estes valores com a meta da União Europeia onde se define que os veículos novos ligeiros de passageiros não deverão emitir a partir de 2030 mais do que 0,0594 kgCO2e/km, é possível concluir que os veículos em estudo cumprem a meta estabelecida, sendo o FCEV menos poluente comparativamente ao BEV, tendo em conta o sistema energético utilizado na simulação.
Abstract This dissertation aims to compare greenhouse gas emissions from battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), using as an example the Tesla® Model 3 and Toyota® Mirai respectively, having as the basis of this study the life cycle of each vehicle. Therefore, in this dissertation, theoretical research was carried out about the life cycle of each vehicle, having defined boundaries for each cycle. Once the boundaries were defined, an inventory of the vehicles was carried out, which will allow the study of each phase of their life cycle. In this way, there is a need to carry out a study about the main components of each vehicle and what is their role with regard to greenhouse gas emissions. Having determined the life cycles of each vehicle, in this dissertation the Portuguese energy system was defined as the basis for the study, however, only the percentages of energy produced through renewable sources were considered. Using the GREET® program, simulations were carried out for both vehicles to compare the greenhouse gas emissions during their life cycle. The results obtained show emissions of 0.017 kgCO2e/km for FCEVs and 0.029 kgCO2e/km for BEVs, which indicates that FCEVs, in their overall life cycle, will be less polluting in terms of greenhouse gas emissions compared to BEVs. When comparing these values with the European Union target, which defines that new light passenger vehicles should not emit more than 0.0594 kgCO2e/km from 2030 onwards, it is possible to conclude that the vehicles under study meet the established target, with the less polluting FCEV compared to BEV, taking into account the energy system used in the simulation.
Abstract This dissertation aims to compare greenhouse gas emissions from battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), using as an example the Tesla® Model 3 and Toyota® Mirai respectively, having as the basis of this study the life cycle of each vehicle. Therefore, in this dissertation, theoretical research was carried out about the life cycle of each vehicle, having defined boundaries for each cycle. Once the boundaries were defined, an inventory of the vehicles was carried out, which will allow the study of each phase of their life cycle. In this way, there is a need to carry out a study about the main components of each vehicle and what is their role with regard to greenhouse gas emissions. Having determined the life cycles of each vehicle, in this dissertation the Portuguese energy system was defined as the basis for the study, however, only the percentages of energy produced through renewable sources were considered. Using the GREET® program, simulations were carried out for both vehicles to compare the greenhouse gas emissions during their life cycle. The results obtained show emissions of 0.017 kgCO2e/km for FCEVs and 0.029 kgCO2e/km for BEVs, which indicates that FCEVs, in their overall life cycle, will be less polluting in terms of greenhouse gas emissions compared to BEVs. When comparing these values with the European Union target, which defines that new light passenger vehicles should not emit more than 0.0594 kgCO2e/km from 2030 onwards, it is possible to conclude that the vehicles under study meet the established target, with the less polluting FCEV compared to BEV, taking into account the energy system used in the simulation.
Description
Trabalho de Projeto ou Dissertação de natureza científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica Ramo de Automação e Eletrónica Industrial
Keywords
Veículos elétricos a bateria Veículos elétricos a pilha de combustível Emissões de gases com efeito de estufa Ciclo de vida Sistema energético português Battery electric vehicles Fuel cell electric vehicles Life cycle assessment Greenhouse gas emissions Portuguese energy system
Citation
TEIXEIRA, Bruno Miguel Alves – Comparação das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa de veículos elétricos a baterias e veículos elétricos a pilha de combustível usando análise do ciclo de vida. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa. 2023. Dissertação de Mestrado.