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Beach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendations

2016-02Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorSolo-Gabriele, Helena M.
dc.contributor.authorHarwood, Valerie J.
dc.contributor.authorKay, David
dc.contributor.authorFujioka, Roger S.
dc.contributor.authorSadowsky, Michael J.
dc.contributor.authorCaniça, Manuela
dc.contributor.authorFonseca, Rita Carvalho da
dc.contributor.authorDuarte, Aida
dc.contributor.authorGargaté, Maria J.
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Alexandra Nogueira da
dc.contributor.authorPrada, Susana
dc.contributor.authorRodrigues, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorRomão, Daniela
dc.contributor.authorSabino, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorVeríssimo, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorViegas, Carla
dc.contributor.authorBarroso, Helena
dc.contributor.authorBrandão, João C.
dc.date.accessioned2015-08-14T11:46:41Z
dc.date.available2015-08-14T11:46:41Z
dc.date.issued2016-02
dc.description.abstractRecent studies suggest that sand can serve as a vehicle for exposure of humans to pathogens at beach sites, resulting in increased health risks. Sampling for microorganisms in sand should therefore be considered for inclusion in regulatory programmes aimed at protecting recreational beach users from infectious disease. Here, we review the literature on pathogen levels in beach sand, and their potential for affecting human health. In an effort to provide specific recommendations for sand sampling programmes, we outline published guidelines for beach monitoring programmes, which are currently focused exclusively on measuring microbial levels in water. We also provide background on spatial distribution and temporal characteristics of microbes in sand, as these factors influence sampling programmes. First steps toward establishing a sand sampling programme include identifying appropriate beach sites and use of initial sanitary assessments to refine site selection. A tiered approach is recommended for monitoring. This approach would include the analysis of samples from many sites for faecal indicator organisms and other conventional analytes, while testing for specific pathogens and unconventional indicators is reserved for high-risk sites. Given the diversity of microbes found in sand, studies are urgently needed to identify the most significant aetiological agent of disease and to relate microbial measurements in sand to human health risk.por
dc.identifier.citationSolo-Gabriele HM, Harwood VJ, Kay D, Fujioka RS, Sadowsky MJ, Viegas C, et al. Beach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendations. J Mar Biol Assoc UK. 2016;96 Spec is 1:101-20. Epub 2015 Jul 1.por
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/S0025315415000843
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/4752
dc.language.isoengpor
dc.peerreviewedyespor
dc.publisherMarine Biological Association of the United Kingdompor
dc.relation.publisherversionhttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9808498&fileId=S0025315415000843por
dc.subjectEnvironmental healthpor
dc.subjectBeach sandpor
dc.subjectMicrobespor
dc.subjectBacteriapor
dc.subjectFungipor
dc.subjectInfectious diseasepor
dc.titleBeach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendationspor
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.titleJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdompor
person.familyNameSabino
person.familyNameViegas
person.givenNameRaquel Filipa Pinheiro
person.givenNameCarla
person.identifier.ciencia-idEE1E-C639-D70F
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6585-7775
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1545-6479
person.identifier.ridB-7217-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id35796067600
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55443609700
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspor
rcaap.typearticlepor
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationcf64684a-fb92-4421-91da-14fb15462fad
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationb5fa5da4-50c3-4b88-ae20-1bc63cb485f7
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoverycf64684a-fb92-4421-91da-14fb15462fad

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