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Dimensionamento de uma estação de carregamento de veículos elétricos com apoio de sistema fotovoltaico e armazenamento em baterias
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Resumo(s)
A transição energética e a redução das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE) no setor dos transportes, principalmente nos transportes rodoviários, exigem soluções inovadoras para o abastecimento de veículos elétricos (VE). O transporte rodoviário continua a representar uma elevada parcela das emissões, contudo a União Europeia estabeleceu metas ambiciosas de neutralidade carbónica até 2050. Neste contexto, a integração de sistemas de carregamento de VE, com produção local de energia renovável e armazenamento de energia, assume um papel crucial para reduzir a dependência da rede elétrica, mitigar sobrecargas e promover uma mobilidade sustentável. A presente dissertação propõe o desenvolvimento e análise técnico-económica de uma infraestrutura de carregamento de VE integrada com sistema fotovoltaica e sistema de armazenamento de energia em baterias, estando conectado à rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. O caso de estudo considera a instalação de uma estrutura carport no parque de estacionamento do estabelecimento comercial da Decathlon em Almada, equipado com 120 módulos fotovoltaicos de 640Wp cada, totalizando 76,8kWp. O sistema de carregamento será composto por quatro postos de carregamento de VE trifásicos de 22kW cada, com um sistema de balanceamento de carga ativo integrado, que limita a uma potência máxima consumida em 44kW, e um sistema de armazenamento de energia elétrica com uma capacidade de 193,5kWh. Para além do dimensionamento do sistema fotovoltaico, sistema de carregamento e sistema de armazenamento, são também detalhados os componentes da instalação, incluindo cablagem, proteções elétricas e quadros elétricos. Por fim é apresentada uma a análise técnico-económica considerando um investimento inicial, com base num orçamento detalhado, uma produção de energia anual e um consumo anual estimado, por parte do sistema de carregamento, avaliando a viabilidade financeira do projeto através do retorno do investimento (ROI).
Abstract The energy transition and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector, particularly in road transport, demand innovative solutions for the charging of electric vehicles (EV). Road transport remains a major contributor to emissions, and the European Union has set ambitious targets to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. In this context, the integration of EV charging systems with local renewable energy generation and battery energy storage plays a crucial role in reducing dependence on the electricity grid, mitigating overloads, and promoting sustainable mobility. This dissertation presents the development and techno-economic assessment of an EV charging infrastructure integrated with a photovoltaic system and a battery energy storage system, while maintaining connection to the distribution grid. The case study focuses on the installation of a carport structure in the parking lot of the Decathlon retail facility in Almada, equipped with 120 photovoltaic modules of 640Wp each, for a total installed capacity of 76.8kWp. The charging system comprises four three-phase EV charging stations rated at 22kW each, supported by an active load balancing system that limits maximum power consumption to 44kW, along with a stationary battery storage system with 193.5kWh of usable capacity. In addition to the sizing of the photovoltaic array, charging stations, and storage system, the dissertation details the electrical infrastructure, including cabling, protective devices, and switchboards, ensuring compliance with technical standards. Finally, a techno-economic analysis is conducted, considering the initial investment, based on a detailed cost estimate, the expected annual energy production, and the estimated annual energy consumption of the charging system, in order to evaluate the financial feasibility of the project through its return of investment (ROI).
Abstract The energy transition and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector, particularly in road transport, demand innovative solutions for the charging of electric vehicles (EV). Road transport remains a major contributor to emissions, and the European Union has set ambitious targets to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. In this context, the integration of EV charging systems with local renewable energy generation and battery energy storage plays a crucial role in reducing dependence on the electricity grid, mitigating overloads, and promoting sustainable mobility. This dissertation presents the development and techno-economic assessment of an EV charging infrastructure integrated with a photovoltaic system and a battery energy storage system, while maintaining connection to the distribution grid. The case study focuses on the installation of a carport structure in the parking lot of the Decathlon retail facility in Almada, equipped with 120 photovoltaic modules of 640Wp each, for a total installed capacity of 76.8kWp. The charging system comprises four three-phase EV charging stations rated at 22kW each, supported by an active load balancing system that limits maximum power consumption to 44kW, along with a stationary battery storage system with 193.5kWh of usable capacity. In addition to the sizing of the photovoltaic array, charging stations, and storage system, the dissertation details the electrical infrastructure, including cabling, protective devices, and switchboards, ensuring compliance with technical standards. Finally, a techno-economic analysis is conducted, considering the initial investment, based on a detailed cost estimate, the expected annual energy production, and the estimated annual energy consumption of the charging system, in order to evaluate the financial feasibility of the project through its return of investment (ROI).
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Carregamento de veículos elétricos Sistema fotovoltaico Sistema de carregamento Sistema de armazenamento de energia em baterias Eficiência energética Gases com efeito de estufa Mobilidade elétrica Electric vehicle charging Photovoltaic system Charging infrastructure Battery energy storage system Energy efficiency Greenhouse gases Electric mobility