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School air quality and thermal comfort: a multi-pollutant seasonal assessment

2025-11Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorCharres, Isabel
dc.contributor.authorFurst, Leonardo
dc.contributor.authorVicente, Estela D.
dc.contributor.authorSoares, Marlene
dc.contributor.authorViegas, Carla
dc.contributor.authorCervantes, Renata
dc.contributor.authorPena, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorCerqueira, Mário
dc.contributor.authorFeliciano, Manuel
dc.contributor.authorAlves, Célia
dc.date.accessioned2025-12-17T10:59:03Z
dc.date.available2025-12-17T10:59:03Z
dc.date.issued2025-11
dc.descriptionThe authors would especially like to thank the school principal and teachers, who have willingly participated in this study. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) to CESAM (UID Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar UID/50006 + LA/P/0094/2020, doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0094/2020), through national funds, and to the PhD fellows I. Charres (DOI: 10.54499/2022.12142.BD), L. Furst (DOI: 10.54499/2020.08461.BD), and M. Soares (2023.04826.BD). FCT is also acknowledged for the research contract under Scientific Employment Stimulus to Estela D. Vicente (DOI: 10.54499/2022.00399.CEECIND/CP1720/CT0012). This work was performed within the project: Source drivers of (eco) Toxicity of airborne Particles in school environments in Estarreja: Strategies for minimising the risks (STOP) – funded by the LabEx-DRIIHM-OHM programme (CNRS – INEE, France). H&TRC authors gratefully acknowledge the FCT/MCTES national support through the UIDB/05608/2020 and UIDP/05608/2020.
dc.description.abstractAs evidence of children's vulnerability to air pollution grows, research on school air quality has increased significantly in the 21st century. Given the complex factors influencing indoor and outdoor air quality in schools, each study offers valuable insights. This study contributes by assessing particulate matter, gaseous pollutants, thermal comfort, and microorganisms in a large school encompassing different education levels over two seasons. The assessment combined passive and continuous sampling using various techniques, including chromatography and estimations of air change and ventilation rates. Classroom ventilation was insufficient to ensure adequate air renewal. During class hours, CO2 concentrations ranged from 760 to 1,118 ppm in winter and from 807 to 1,022 ppm in spring, repeatedly exceeding 1,000 ppm. CO2 and PM10 concentrations were significantly higher during school hours than when the classrooms were empty, indicating the strong influence of school activities. In contrast, PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations were more influenced by external factors, especially outside of school hours. The lack of thermal comfort created an unhealthy environment. Carbonyl concentrations were higher in classrooms (average: 68.8 μg m−3) compared to the schoolyard (3.86 μg m−3), in both seasons. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of fungi with toxigenic potential, with the highest fungal diversity observed in spring. These findings highlight that while some pollutant levels may appear low, they can occasionally reach extremely high levels, even in newer buildings. The novelty of this research lies in demonstrating that, despite recent improvements and numerous studies, significant progress is still needed to ensure healthier school settings.eng
dc.identifier.citationCharres I, Furst L, Vicente ED, Viegas C, Cervantes R, Pena P, et al. School air quality and thermal comfort: A multi-pollutant seasonal assessment. J Build Eng. 2025;113:113997.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113997
dc.identifier.issn2352-7102
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/22338
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier BV
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235271022502234X
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Building Engineering
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectSchool children
dc.subjectIndoor air
dc.subjectAir quality
dc.subjectParticulate matter
dc.subjectGaseous pollutants
dc.subjectBioburden
dc.subjectElementary school
dc.subjectFCT_UIDB/05608/2020
dc.subjectFCT_UIDP/05608/2020
dc.titleSchool air quality and thermal comfort: a multi-pollutant seasonal assessmenteng
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.referenceshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235271022502234X
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.startPage113997
oaire.citation.titleJournal of Building Engineering
oaire.citation.volume113
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameViegas
person.familyNameWellenkamp de Carvalho Freire de Cervantes
person.familyNamePena
person.givenNameCarla
person.givenNameRenata
person.givenNamePedro
person.identifier2041141
person.identifier.ciencia-idEE1E-C639-D70F
person.identifier.ciencia-id6018-3CC9-B640
person.identifier.ciencia-idD71B-656F-BB9D
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1545-6479
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5990-4168
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-2188-9318
person.identifier.ridB-7217-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55443609700
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57222077827
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