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Neuromuscular activation patterns in response to windlass stimulation and biofeedback: a surface EMG study

2026-04Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorCarrasco-Fernández, Laura
dc.contributor.authorGómez-del Pino, Álvaro
dc.contributor.authorGarcía-Sillero, Manuel
dc.contributor.authorGonzález-Cañizares, Pablo
dc.contributor.authorGarcía-Romero, Jerónimo
dc.contributor.authorTomás, Maria Teresa
dc.contributor.authorBenítez-Porres, Javier
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-21T09:33:25Z
dc.date.available2026-04-21T09:33:25Z
dc.date.issued2026-04
dc.descriptionSupported by University of Málaga (IIPPITD) and PPRO-CTS132-G-2023 (CTS132-G-FEDER).
dc.description.abstractBackground: Handball involves unilateral, high-demand actions that increase injury risk. The Windlass mechanism (WM) is a position-dependent plantar fascia tensioning system, activated by dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, which increases medial longitudinal arch stiffness and contributes to foot stability. WM activation can be mechanically simulated using hallux wedges to induce controlled dorsiflexion, allowing graded engagement of the mechanism under standardized conditions. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how different wedge inclinations, with and without visual biofeedback, affect foot muscle activity during squats in elite female handball players. Methods: Seventeen elite female handball players performed squats at 65% of one-repetition maximum under six conditions combining three wedge inclinations (0°, 10°, 30°) with the presence or absence of visual biofeedback. Electromyographic activity (RMS and %MVC) of intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles was recorded. Results: A significant increase in left abductor hallucis activation with the 10° wedge without biofeedback. Visual biofeedback significantly increased RMS and %MVC in intrinsic foot muscles and increased RMS in the left gastrocnemius (p < 0.05). No significant interaction was observed between wedge inclination and biofeedback. Conclusions: Controlled activation of the WM via hallux wedges and the use of visual biofeedback modulate foot muscle activity during squats. These strategies may be considered in training programs aimed at improving foot stability and reducing injury risk in elite female handball players.eng
dc.identifier.citationCarrasco-Fernández L, Gómez-del Pino A, García-Sillero M, González-Cañizares P, García-Romero J, Tomás MT, et al. Neuromuscular activation patterns in response to windlass stimulation and biofeedback: a surface EMG study. Sports. 2026;14(4):158.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/sports14040158
dc.identifier.issn2075-4663
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/22819
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.relationPPRO-CTS132-G-2023 (CTS132-G-FEDER)
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/14/4/158
dc.relation.ispartofSports
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectWindlass mechanism
dc.subjectBiofeedback
dc.subjectNeuromuscular activation
dc.subjectHandball
dc.titleNeuromuscular activation patterns in response to windlass stimulation and biofeedback: a surface EMG studyeng
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.referenceshttps://hdl.handle.net/10630/45402
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue4
oaire.citation.startPage158
oaire.citation.titleSports
oaire.citation.volume14
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameTomás
person.givenNameMaria Teresa
person.identifier438585
person.identifier.ciencia-id3010-19D6-C7A5
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0491-8903
person.identifier.ridN-1940-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id36700434200
relation.isAuthorOfPublication64ad74a4-4cd4-426e-a1ee-2ec846fdc6dd
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery64ad74a4-4cd4-426e-a1ee-2ec846fdc6dd

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