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Com este Relatório de Estágio pretende-se adquirir valiosas técnicas que permitam projetar sistemas frigoríficos otimizados com a utilização de fluidos naturais. Relativamente ao trabalho desenvolvido no presente relatório de estágio, procedeu-se à análise de dois sistemas otimizados com fluidos naturais. Para tal, estudou-se dois sistemas distintos: opção nº1 referente a um Sistema Inundado a NH3 e Água Glicolada e opção nº2 baseada num Sistema Inundado em Cascata com CO2 e NH3. Inicialmente, com base nas condições de projeto, realizou-se o estudo das cargas térmicas do produto, envolvente, internas e de infiltrações, a dissipar nos Túneis de Congelação, Câmaras de Congelação e Refrigeração e, ainda, salas climatizadas, descrevendo-se o esquema de princípio e respetivo diagrama P-h com os vários pontos termodinâmicos, para ambos os ciclos. Determinou-se os parâmetros da instalação, o que permitiu dimensionar os equipamentos da mesma como os grupos compressores, Evaporadores, Condensadores Evaporativos, Separadores de Líquido e de Óleo, Arrefecedores intermédios, Bombas Circuladores, entre outros. Além do mais, estudou-se o impacto ambiental das soluções, com o cálculo das emissões de CO2, abordando as medidas de segurança e deteção de fugas a adotar. Por fim, realizou-se uma análise energética, onde se determinou a eficiência energética, efeito frigorífico e COP de ambos os sistemas, seguida de uma análise financeira, estimando custos de investimento inicial. Em relação à eficiência energética, verificou-se que o sistema da opção nº1 atinge um valor de 2,07, sendo que a opção nº2 apresenta um valor de 2,05. No que respeita aos consumos energéticos, constatou-se que a opção nº1 consome cerca de 1 472 599,8 kWh, ao passo que a opção nº2 gasta apenas 908 236,8 kWh. Relativamente aos custos da instalação, o sistema da opção nº1 exige um investimento inicial de 1 044 007,43 euros, sendo mais dispendioso cerca de 10,4%, em comparação com a opção nº2, que somente requer um investimento de 935 131,19 euros.
Abstract This Internship Report intended to achieve valuable techniques that allow the design of optimized refrigeration systems with natural fluids. The present work, developed in this internship report, demonstrates an analysis of two optimized systems with natural fluids. For that, two distinct systems were studied: option no.1, related to a Flooded System with NH3 and Glycolated Water and option no.2, based on a Cascade Flooded System with CO2 and NH3. Initially, based on design conditions, thermal loads were studied, including products, bounding, internals and infiltrations, that are meant to be dissipated in Congelation Tunnels, Congelation and Refrigeration Rooms, and, also, climatized spaces, describing the principle and P-h diagrams, based on thermodynamic points, for both Systems. The installation parameters are determined, allowing equipment’s selection, such as compressors, Evaporators, Evaporative Condensers, Liquid and Oil Separators, Inter-Stage Cooler, pumps and others. In addition, the Ambiental impact was studied, for both solutions, with the CO2 emissions calculations, approaching security recommendations and leak detection. Lastly, this work demonstrated energetic and financial analysis of these systems, to estimate, refrigeration effect, COP and initial investments. In relation to energy efficiency, the system for option no.1 reaches a value of 2,07 and option no.2 reaches a value of 2,05. Regarding energy consumption, it was verified that option no.1 consumes around 1 472 599,8 kWh, while option no.2 consumes only 908 236,9 kWh. Considering installation costs, option no.1 requires an initial investment of 1 044 007,43 euros, approximately 10,4% more expensive than option no.2, which only requires an investment of 935 131,19 euros.
Abstract This Internship Report intended to achieve valuable techniques that allow the design of optimized refrigeration systems with natural fluids. The present work, developed in this internship report, demonstrates an analysis of two optimized systems with natural fluids. For that, two distinct systems were studied: option no.1, related to a Flooded System with NH3 and Glycolated Water and option no.2, based on a Cascade Flooded System with CO2 and NH3. Initially, based on design conditions, thermal loads were studied, including products, bounding, internals and infiltrations, that are meant to be dissipated in Congelation Tunnels, Congelation and Refrigeration Rooms, and, also, climatized spaces, describing the principle and P-h diagrams, based on thermodynamic points, for both Systems. The installation parameters are determined, allowing equipment’s selection, such as compressors, Evaporators, Evaporative Condensers, Liquid and Oil Separators, Inter-Stage Cooler, pumps and others. In addition, the Ambiental impact was studied, for both solutions, with the CO2 emissions calculations, approaching security recommendations and leak detection. Lastly, this work demonstrated energetic and financial analysis of these systems, to estimate, refrigeration effect, COP and initial investments. In relation to energy efficiency, the system for option no.1 reaches a value of 2,07 and option no.2 reaches a value of 2,05. Regarding energy consumption, it was verified that option no.1 consumes around 1 472 599,8 kWh, while option no.2 consumes only 908 236,9 kWh. Considering installation costs, option no.1 requires an initial investment of 1 044 007,43 euros, approximately 10,4% more expensive than option no.2, which only requires an investment of 935 131,19 euros.
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Sistemas otimizados Fluidos naturais Análise energética Análise financeira Impacto ambiental Optimized systems Natural fluids Energetic analysis Financial analysis Environmental impact