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From benign parasite to emerging pathogen: a review of Theileria orientalis in ruminants

2026-08Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorFelício, Maria
dc.contributor.authorZúquete, Sara Tudela
dc.contributor.authorDelgado, Inês L.
dc.contributor.authorInácio, Esmeralda
dc.contributor.authorNolasco, Sofia
dc.contributor.authorCaetano, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorBasto, Afonso P.
dc.contributor.authorPadre, Ludovina
dc.contributor.authorLeitão, Alexandre
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-16T14:11:42Z
dc.date.available2026-09-16T14:11:42Z
dc.date.issued2026-08
dc.description.abstractOnce regarded as a benign, clinically overlooked organism, Theileria orientalis has undergone a paradigm shift in its perceived status and is now recognised as a tick-borne haemoparasite of clinical and economic importance. Severe outbreaks characterised by haemolytic anaemia, reproductive losses, and mortality, primarily associated with the Ikeda and Chitose genotypes, have been increasingly reported in Australasia, Asia, and North America. In Europe and parts of Africa, however, the epidemiological status of T. orientalis remains poorly defined, despite increasing molecular evidence of circulation and reports of predominantly subclinical infections. The parasite is transmitted transstadially in ixodid ticks, with Haemaphysalis longicornis as the principal confirmed biological vector, although vector competence remains unverified for most suspected tick species. This narrative review was based on a comprehensive PubMed search from database inception up to the date of initial manuscript submission, supplemented by reference-list screening and targeted searches. This review synthesises current knowledge on taxonomy, life cycle, transmission, genetic diversity based on the major piroplasm surface protein gene, global epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, co-infections, production losses, diagnostics, and control strategies. Key gaps include limited understanding of the mechanisms driving erythrocyte destruction, insufficient experimental confirmation of vector competence, absence of licensed vaccines, and incomplete epidemiological data in several regions. Future research priorities are discussed in the context of climate change and the expanding geographic distribution of tick vectors.eng
dc.identifier.citationFelício M, Zúquete ST, Delgado IL, Inácio E, Nolasco S, Caetano P, et al. From benign parasite to emerging pathogen: a review of Theileria orientalis in ruminants. Animals. 2026;16(15):2348.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ani16152348
dc.identifier.issn2076-2615
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/23070
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/16/15/2348
dc.relation.ispartofAnimals
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectTheileria orientalis
dc.subjectOriental theileriosis
dc.subjectBovine
dc.subjectTick-borne diseases
dc.subjectHaemaphysalis longicornis
dc.subjectMajor piroplasm surface protein
dc.subjectMPSP
dc.subjectAnaemia
dc.titleFrom benign parasite to emerging pathogen: a review of Theileria orientalis in ruminantseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue15
oaire.citation.startPage2348
oaire.citation.titleAnimals
oaire.citation.volume16
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameNolasco
person.givenNameSofia
person.identifier.ciencia-id5017-368D-3F71
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-2168-0511
relation.isAuthorOfPublication34a552a4-6414-461d-a5f6-862a175ea812
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery34a552a4-6414-461d-a5f6-862a175ea812

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