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- Does the financial system support economic growth in times of financialisation? Evidence for PortugalPublication . Barradas, RicardoThe purpose of this paper is the conduction of a time series econometric analysis in order to examine empirically the relationship between the financial system and economic growth in Portugal from 1977 to 2016. The Portuguese financial system has experienced a strong wave of privatisations, liberalisations and deregulations since the adhesion of Portugal to the European Economic Community in 1986, which has not favoured a sustained path of strong economic growth since then. The growth of the financial system played even a crucial role in the recent sovereign debt crisis in Portugal, casting doubts on the conventional hypothesis on the finance- growth nexus. The paper estimates a linear growth model and a non-linear growth model, which includes four proxies for the financial system (money supply, credit, financial value added and stock market capitalisation) and four further control variables (inflation, government consumption, trade openness and education). The paper finds a negative linear relationship between the banking system and Portuguese economic growth, a positive linear relationship between the stock markets and Portuguese economic growth, a concave quadratic relationship between the banking system and Portuguese economic growth, and a convex quadratic relationship between the stock markets and Portuguese economic growth. This suggests that Portuguese policy makers should canalise efforts to decrease the importance of banking system and to increase the importance of stock markets in order to support more robust economic growth in the coming years.
- Financialization in the European Periphery and the Sovereign Debt Crisis: The Portuguese CasePublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Lagoa, Sérgio; Leão, Emanuel; Mamede, RicardoThe financial sector has acquired great prominence in most developed economies. Some authors argue that the growth of finance is at the root of the financial and economic difficulties of the past decade. This article aims to analyze this claim by looking at financialization in the European periphery, focusing on the Portuguese case. The emergence of this phenomenon is contextualized from a historical, economic and international perspective. Based on the analysis of several indicators, the article concludes that the Portuguese economy exhibits symptoms of financialization that are typically found in Southern European countries and that these differ significantly from the patterns characterizing financialization processes in more advanced economies. The article discusses how the increasing importance of financial actors and motives in the Portuguese economy played a decisive role in the emergence of the crisis.
- A Sustentabilidade do Sistema de Pensões em PortugalPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Lagoa, SérgioO objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar as características atuais do sistema de pensões em Portugal, as principais reformas efetuadas e as perspetivas de evolução, procurando identificar propostas de melhoria. Entre 1995 e 2014, o peso da despesa com pensões na economia registou em Portugal um dos maiores aumentos da área do euro, e em 2014 situou-se entre os mais elevados. Em face desta evolução, foram realizadas reformas importantes, nomeadamente a partir de 2002, que melhoraram a sustentabilidade financeira do sistema de pensões e o colocaram, genericamente, em linha com os melhores sistemas da OCDE em termos da promoção da eficiência microeconómica e da existência de um fator de sustentabilidade demográfica, tendo sido possível manter uma capacidade de substituir rendimento superior à média europeia. Apesar de algumas melhorias no combate à pobreza, este continua a ser um dos elementos onde a margem de melhoria ainda é significativa. Em termos financeiros, as reformas realizadas permitem que as perspetivas a longo prazo (2060) não sejam de agravamento do défice financeiro, apesar de este persistir, à semelhança do que ocorre na UE. Assim, as necessidades de melhoria do sistema continuam presentes, sendo apresentadas algumas propostas ao longo do trabalho.
- Determinants of the Portuguese government bond yieldsPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Pinho, AndréThis paper conducts an empirical examination of the determinants of the 10‐, 5‐ and 1‐year Portuguese government bond yields by performing a time series econometric analysis for the period between the first quarter of 2000 and the last quarter of 2016. The literature suggests that the evolution of government bond yields depends on three main risk drivers, namely credit risk, global risk aversion and liquidity risk. We estimate three equations for the 10‐, 5‐ and 1‐year Portuguese government bond yields, including eight independent variables (macroeconomic performance, fiscal conditions, foreign borrowing, the inflation rate, labour productivity, the demographic situation, global risk aversion and liquidity risk) to take into account all three risk drivers referred to in the literature. Our results show that there are no significant differences in the determinants of the Portuguese government bond yields among the different maturities, either in the long term or in the short term. Our results also confirm that all three of the risk drivers have exerted a strong influence on the evolution of the Portuguese government bond yields. Liquidity risk, foreign borrowing and the inflation rate are the main triggers of the rise in the Portuguese government bond yields, which does not counterweigh the beneficial effects played by the fiscal conditions, labour productivity and demographic situation.
- Determinants of the portuguese government bond yieldsPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Pinto, AndréThis paper conducts an empirical examination of the determinants of the ten-, five- and one-year Portuguese government bond yields by performing a time series econometric analysis for the period between the first quarter of 2000 and the last quarter of 2016. The literature suggests that the evolution of government bond yields depends on three main risk drivers, namely credit risk, global risk aversion and liquidity risk. We estimate three equations for the ten-, five- and one-year Portuguese government bond yields, including eight independent variables (macroeconomic performance, fiscal conditions, foreign borrowing, the inflation rate, labour productivity, the demographic situation, global risk aversion and liquidity risk) to take into account all three risk drivers referred to in the literature. Our results show that there are no significant differences in the determinants of the Portuguese government bond yields among the different maturities, either in the long term or in the short term. Our results also confirm that all three of the risk drivers have exerted a strong influence on the evolution of the Portuguese government bond yields. Liquidity risk, the inflation rate and foreign borrowing are the main triggers of the rise in the Portuguese government bond yields, which does not counterweigh the beneficial effects played by the fiscal conditions, demographic situation and labour productivity.
- Does the financial system support economic growth in times of financialisation? Evidence for PortugalPublication . Barradas, RicardoThis paper conducts a time series econometric analysis in order to examine empirically the relationship between the financial system and economic growth in Portugal from 1977 to 2016. The Portuguese financial system has experienced a strong wave of privatisations, liberalisations and deregulations since the adhesion of Portugal to the European Economic Community in 1986, which has not favoured a sustained path of strong economic growth since then. The paper estimates a linear growth model and a non-linear growth model, which includes four proxies for the financial system (money supply, credit, financial value added and stock market capitalisation) and four further control variables (inflation, government consumption, trade openness and education). The paper finds a negative linear relationship between the banking system and Portuguese economic growth, a positive linear relationship between the stock markets and Portuguese economic growth, a concave quadratic relationship between the banking system and Portuguese economic growth, and a convex quadratic relationship between the stock markets and Portuguese economic growth. This suggests that Portuguese policy makers should canalise efforts to decrease the importance of banking system and to increase the importance of stock markets in order to support more robust economic growth in the coming years.
- Financialisation in the european periphery and the sovereign debt crisis: the portuguese casePublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Lagoa, Sérgio; Leão, Emanuel; Mamede, RicardoThe financial sector has acquired great prominence in most developed economies. However, some authors argue that the growth of finance is at the root of the current financial and economic difficulties. This paper aims to analyse this claim by looking at financialisation in the European periphery, focusing on the Portuguese case. The emergence of this phenomenon is contextualised from a historical, economic and international perspective. Based on the analysis of several indicators, the paper concludes that the Portuguese economy exhibits symptoms of financialisation, and that this has not only revealed the structural weaknesses of the Portuguese economy but also played an important role in the emergence of the recent Portuguese sovereign debt crisis.
- Financialisation and the portuguese private consumption: two contradictory effects?Publication . Barradas, Ricardo; Gonçalves, AndreiaThis paper makes an empirical evaluation of the relationship between financialisation and the Portuguese private consumption by performing a time series econometric analysis from the first quarter of 1996 to the last quarter of 2016. Framed within the post-Keynesian literature, financialisation has two contradictory effects on private consumption. The first one corresponds to the fall in the households’ labour income, which favours a deceleration of private consumption. The second one corresponds to the increase of households’ financial and housing wealth, which favours an acceleration of private consumption. The global net effect of financialisation tends to be positive because the beneficial wealth effect suppresses the harmful income effect. We estimated a private consumption equation that includes four control variables (unemployment rate, inflation rate, short-term interest rate and long-term interest rate) and three variables linked to financialisation (labour income, financial wealth and housing wealth). Our results confirm that labour income, financial wealth and housing wealth are positive determinants of Portuguese private consumption. Our results also show that financialisation has represented an important driver of Portuguese private consumption, particularly due to the beneficial effects of financial wealth.
- Fontes de financiamento e soluções de reforma do sistema de pensões portuguêsPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Lagoa, SérgioOs sistemas de pensões na Europa enfrentam um conjunto de desafios que colocam em risco a sua sustentabilidade financeira e o seu papel no combate à pobreza e na substituição de rendimento na velhice. Assumindo que o atual modelo de repartição de benefício definido se mantém, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo primordial avaliar as diferentes formas de equilibrar as contas do sistema de pensões, designadamente as alternativas para aumentar as suas receitas. Este objetivo será atingido com recurso a uma revisão sistemática da literatura e à análise de dados secundários. São elencadas as opções mais razoáveis para elevar o financiamento da Segurança Social, mas tendo como pano de fundo que o problema das pensões só pode ser resolvido com uma combinação de políticas sociais e económicas que visem o aumento do crescimento da economia, do emprego e da natalidade.
- Financialisation and the financial and economic crises: the case of PortugalPublication . Barradas, Ricardo; Lagoa, Sérgio; Leão, Emanuel; Mamede, RicardoThe notion of 'financialisation' broadly refers to the growing weight of finance in contemporary economies. Taking this into account, the present study focus on the long-run macroeconomic development and recent financial and economic crisis of the Portuguese economy. Contrary to Greece, Ireland, and Spain, the dismal performance of the Portuguese economy is not solely a post-subprime crisis phenomenon. The sharp discontinuity in GDP growth around the turn of the century is a distinctive feature of Portugal in the EU context and, although several factors account for this discontinuity, the process of financialisation of the Portuguese economy is an essential part of the explanation. This process in Portugal was essentially characterised by a large increase in bank credit to the private sector, resulting from a combination of demand- and supply-side factors that produced a wide availability of credit at historically low interest rates. Thus, we suggest that the Portuguese experience can be labelled a ‘debt-led domestic demand growth’ model. However, after 2000 the Portuguese economy experienced a succession of shocks, and an exhaustion of the domestic debt-led growth at a much earlier stage than other countries, resulting in a sharp economic slowdown, with negative consequences for public finances. The high levels of public and private indebtedness were a decisive factor behind the steep rise in the Portuguese sovereign bonds interest rates between 2010 and 2012. Finally, we assess the impact of financialisation in the current account, investment, consumption, and inequality; articulating these domains with the general growth model. Our conclusion is that the increase in the importance of finance ended having a clear negative impact on the three former domains, while the negative impact on income inequality was less pronounced.