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- AUTOMOTIVE: a case study on AUTOmatic multiMOdal drowsiness detecTIon for smart VEhiclesPublication . Esteves, Telma; Pinto, João Ribeiro; Ferreira, Pedro M.; Costa, Pedro Amaro; Rodrigues, Lourenço Abrunhosa; Antunes, Inês; Lopes, Gabriel; gamito, pedro; Abrantes, Arnaldo; Jorge, Pedro; Lourenço, André; Sequeira, Ana F.; Cardoso, Jaime S.; Rebelo, AnaAs technology and artificial intelligence conquer a place under the spotlight in the automotive world, driver drowsiness monitoring systems have sparked much interest as a way to increase safety and avoid sleepiness-related accidents. Such technologies, however, stumble upon the observation that each driver presents a distinct set of behavioral and physiological manifestations of drowsiness, thus rendering its objective assessment a non-trivial process. The AUTOMOTIVE project studied the application of signal processing and machine learning techniques for driver-specific drowsiness detection in smart vehicles, enabled by immersive driving simulators. More broadly, comprehensive research on biometrics using the electrocardiogram (ECG) and face enables the continuous learning of subject-specific models of drowsiness for more efficient monitoring. This paper aims to offer a holistic but comprehensive view of the research and development work conducted for the AUTOMOTIVE project across the various addressed topics and how it ultimately brings us closer to the target of improved driver drowsiness monitoring.
- Automatic vehicle detection and classificationPublication . Ferreira, Pedro Miguel; Marques, Gonçalo; Jorge, Pedro; Abrantes, Arnaldo; Amador, AntónioThis paper presents a proposal for an automatic vehicle detection and classification (AVDC) system. The proposed AVDC should classify vehicles accordingly to the Portuguese legislation (vehicle height over the first axel and number of axels), and should also support profile based classification. The AVDC should also fulfill the needs of the Portuguese motorway operator, Brisa. For the classification based on the profile we propose:he use of Eigenprofiles, a technique based on Principal Components Analysis. The system should also support multi-lane free flow for future integration in this kind of environments.
- Tracking with Bayesian networks: extension to arbitrary topologiesPublication . Jorge, Pedro; Abrantes, Arnaldo; Marques, Jorge S.It was recently proposed an object tracking method, which is able to deal with object occlusions and group tracking, using Bayesian networks. The Bayesian network (BN) tracker has shown promising results in difficult situations but its architecture is limited to a maximum of 2 parents/2 children per node, in order to avoid the combinatorial explosion and difficult network generation procedures from the video signal. This paper addresses the major limitation of the BN tracker and presents a method to generalize the tracker to cope with arbitrary topologies, allowing the tracker to operate in more complex scenes.
- Automatic tracking of multiple pedestrians with group formation and occlusionsPublication . Jorge, Pedro; Abrantes, Arnaldo; Marques, Jorge S.This work addresses the problem of automatic track ing of pedestrians observed by a fixed camera in out door scenes. Tracking isolated pedestrians is not a difficult task. The challenge arises when the track ing system has to deal with temporary occlusions and groups of pedestrians. In both cases it is not possi ble to track each pedestrian during the whole video sequence. However, the system should be able to rec ognize each pedestrian as soon as he/she becomes vis ible and isolated from the group. This paper presents methods to tackle these difficulties. The proposed sys tem is based on a hierarchical approach which allows the application of the same methods for tracking iso lated pedestrians and groups.
- Interoperability among its systems with Its-Ibus frameworkPublication . F. G. Osório, A. Luís; Barata, Manuel; Gonçalves, Carlos; Araújo, P.; Abrantes, Arnaldo; Jorge, Pedro; Gomes, J. Sales; Jacquet, G.; Amador, A.This paper presents and discusses the extended Via-Verde business model from the point of view of the underlying requirements for the virtual business processes. The extension of Via-Verde concept to other services beyond the motorway toll collection has increased the number of independent companies involved. The complex networked scenario resulted on a proposal of an intelligent transport system — interoperability bus (ITS-IBus) (Gomes et. al. 2003) (Osorio, et. al. 2003-a) aiming to promote a generalized interoperability among heterogeneous (multi-vendor) technological subsystems. The ITS-IBus initiative has been developing since then, a reference implementation of a peer-to-peer service based framework with pluggable feature and a set of common agreed interfaces for coupling different technological systems. An important objective is to increase the quality of the offered services by establishing a flexible execution and coordination framework for the collaborative distributed business processes.
- Integrated vehicle classification systemPublication . Ferreira, Pedro Miguel; Jorge, Pedro; Marques, Gonçalo; Abrantes, Arnaldo; Amador, AntónioThis paper presents an integrated system for vehicle classification. This system aims to classify vehicles using different approaches: 1) based on the height of the first axle and_the number of axles; 2) based on volumetric measurements and; 3) based on features extracted from the captured image of the vehicle. The system uses a laser sensor for measurements and a set of image analysis algorithms to compute some visual features. By combining different classification methods, it is shown that the system improves its accuracy and robustness, enabling its usage in more difficult environments satisfying the proposed requirements established by the Portuguese motorway contractor BRISA.