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- Spotting plants' microfilament morphologies and nanostructuresPublication . Almeida, Ana; Canejo, João; Mur, Urban; Copar, Simon; Almeida, Pedro L.; Zumer, Slobodan; Godinho, Maria HelenaThe tracheary system of plant leaves is composed of a cellulose skeleton with diverse hierarchical structures. It is built of polygonally bent helical microfilaments of cellulose-based nanostructures coated by different layers, which provide them high compression resistance, elasticity, and roughness. Their function includes the transport of water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. Unveiling details about local interactions of tracheary elements with surrounding material, which varies between plants due to adaptation to different environments, is crucial for understanding ascending fluid transport and for tracheary mechanical strength relevant to potential applications. Here we show that plant tracheary microfilaments, collected from Agapanthus africanus and Ornithogalum thyrsoides leaves, have different surface morphologies, revealed by nematic liquid crystal droplets. This results in diverse interactions among microfilaments and with the environment; the differences translate to diverse mechanical properties of entangled microfilaments and their potential applications. The presented study also introduces routes for accurate characterization of plants' microfilaments.
- Cellulose-based biomimetics and their applicationsPublication . Almeida, Ana; Canejo, João; Fernandes, Susete; Echeverria Zabala, Coro; Almeida, Pedro L.; Godinho, Maria HelenaNature has been producing cellulose since long before man walked the surface of the earth. Millions of years of natural design and testing have resulted in cellulose-based structures that are an inspiration for the production of synthetic materials based on cellulose with properties that can mimic natural designs, functions, and properties. Here, five sections describe cellulose-based materials with characteristics that are inspired by gratings that exist on the petals of the plants, structurally colored materials, helical filaments produced by plants, water-responsive materials in plants, and environmental stimuli-responsive tissues found in insects and plants. The synthetic cellulose-based materials described herein are in the form of fibers and films. Fascinating multifunctional materials are prepared from cellulose-based liquid crystals and from composite cellulosic materials that combine functionality with structural performance. Future and recent applications are outlined.
- Reversible water driven chirality inversion in cellulose-based helices isolated from Erodium awnsPublication . Almeida, Ana; Querciagrossa, Lara; Silva, Pedro; Gonçalves, Filipa; Canejo, João; Almeida, Pedro L.; Godinho, Maria Helena; Zannoni, ClaudioAmong the movements observed in some cellulosic structures produced by plants are those that involve the dispersion and burial of seeds, as for example in Erodium from the Geraniaceae plant family. Here we report on a simple and efficient strategy to isolate and tune cellulose-based hygroscopic responsive materials from Erodium awns’ dead tissues. The stimuli-responsive material isolated forms left-handed (L) or right-handed (R) helical birefringent transparent ribbons in the wet state that reversibly change to R helices when the material dries. The humidity-driven motion of dead tissues is most likely due to a composite material made of cellulose networks of fibrils imprinted by the plant at the nanoscale, which reinforces a soft wall polysaccharide matrix. The inversion of the handedness is explained using computational simulations considering filaments that contract and expand asymmetrically. The awns of Erodium are known to present hygroscopic movements, forming R helices in the dry state, but the possibility of actuating chirality via humidity suggests that these cellulose-based skeletons, which do not require complicated lithography and intricate deposition techniques, provide a diverse range of applications from intelligent textiles to micro-machines.
- Cholesteric-type cellulosic structures: from plants to applicationsPublication . Almeida, Ana; Canejo, João; Almeida, Pedro L.; Godinho, Maria HelenaThe structural support of plant cells is provided by the cell wall, which major load-bearing component is an array of hierarchical orientedhierarchical-oriented cellulose nano-, micro- and meso-structures of cellulose microfibrils. Cellulosic structures can respond to humidity changes by expanding or shrinking and this allows, for example, the dispersion of seeds. Previous studies have shown that nanorods, extracted from cell walls, can generate lyotropic liquid crystals that are at the origin of solid cholesteric-like arrangements. Not only photonic films, but also right and left helical filaments, anisotropic films with the ability to bend back and forth under the action of a moisture gradient at room temperature, are some of the materials that were produced from cellulose liquid crystal systems. This work is a review that focus on liquid crystalline-based structures obtained from cellulosic materials and how small perturbations on their structures affect significantly the response to external stimulus and interactions with the environment. Special emphasis is given to cholesteric-like organization of cellulose structures existing in plants, which are an inspiration for the production of the next generation of soft interactive materials.