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- Nonlocal free vibrations of metallic FGM beamsPublication . Loja, M.A.R.; Rzeszut, Katarzyna; Barbosa, JoaquimThis work aims to analyse the free-vibration response of functionally graded, simply supported beams with different gradient directions, taking into account nonlocal effects. To this purpose, the first-order shear deformation theory and the nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen are used, in order to assess the influence of size dependency effects on the free-vibration responses of those beams. The influence of other factors such as the aspect ratio of the beams and the evolution of the constituents’ mixture through the beam thickness and along its length is also considered. In this last case, a mixture distribution is proposed, accounting for the boundary conditions’ characteristics. The finite element model is first verified against existing alternative solutions, to assess and illustrate its performance. Based on the conclusions achieved, a set of parametric studies is then developed. The results are discussed considering the material distribution profiles, and conclusions are drawn with respect to their relative performance under the analysed conditions.
- Assessing the influence of material and geometrical uncertainty on the mechanical behavior of functionally graded material platesPublication . Carvalho, Alda; Silva, Tiago; Loja, Amélia; Damásio, Fábio RaimundoComposite materials possessing a functional gradient are becoming strong candidates to enhance the performance of structures when severe operating conditions are a reality. These types of conditions may, for example, range from situations where a high thermal gradient is present to others where it is imperative to minimize abrupt stresses transitions between material interfaces. The manufacturing achievement of the gradients determined for a specific application may in practice face some limitations, which can be due, among other factors, to technological process constraints, eventual operating condition deterioration of production stages, or to nonconforming raw materials. Regardless of the origin of such limitations, the reality is that the uncertainty is always present to some extent; this is clearly reflected in the scattering of material and geometrical properties of these composites. The understanding that deterministic analyses are not enough to provide a complete prediction of the composite structures’ behavior emphasizes the crucial need to identify the effects that the variability in material and geometrical parameters will produce in the structural response.With the presentwork, one intends to study the influence of this variability in the static and free vibrations behavior of functionally graded plates. It is also an objective of this study to use regression models to predict these responses and to characterize the contribution of each model parameter to the explanation of the response variability. To this purpose, a set of numerical results is presented and discussed.
- Joining of sheets by sheet-bulk forming: a numerical and experimental studyPublication . Bragança, Ivo; Loja, Amélia; Silva, C. M. A.; Alves, L. M.; Martins, P. A. F.The authors present a new mechanical joining process that allow to connect two sheets perpendicular to one another, a variant of the traditional ‘mortise-and-tenon’ joint. This investigation is focused on joining similar and dissimilar sheets based on sheet-bulk forming and it is supported by experimental data and numerical simulation with an in-house finite element program, I-form. Results show that is possible to join materials by sheet-bulk forming and is also presented the joinability window as a function of the main operating parameters. The divided flux technique could be a valid option to eliminate the observed small clearance related to the elastic recovery of polymers. Furthermore, this technique could also be applied whether a lower initial punch force is required or even a different head morphology is desired. Destructive tensile tests were performed to determine the maximum force that the joints are capable to withstand without failure and to identify the failure mechanism.