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- Smart Coat with a Fully-Embedded Textile Antenna for IoT ApplicationsPublication . Loss, Caroline; Goncalves, Ricardo; Lopes, Catarina; Pinho, Pedro; Salvado, RitaThe Internet of Things (IoT) scenario is strongly related with the advance of the development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. Additionally, in the WSN context, for a continuous feed, the integration of textile antennas for energy harvesting into smart clothing is a particularly interesting solution when the replacement of batteries is not easy to practice, such as in wearable devices. This paper presents the E-Caption: Smart and Sustainable Coat. It has an embedded dual-band textile antenna for electromagnetic energy harvesting, operating at global system for mobile communication (GSM) 900 and digital cellular system (DCS) 1800 bands. This printed antenna is fully integrated, as its dielectric is the textile material composing the coat itself. The E-Caption illustrates the innovative concept of textile antennas that can be manipulated as simple emblems. Seven prototypes of these "emblem" antennas, manufactured by lamination and embroidering techniques are also presented. It is shown that the orientation of the conductive fabric does not influence the performance of the antenna. It is also shown that the direction and number of the stitches in the embroidery may influence the performance of the antenna. Moreover, the comparison of results obtained before and after the integration of the antenna into cloth shows the integration does not affect the behavior of the antenna.
- Textile antenna for bio-radar embedded in a car seatPublication . Loss, Caroline; Gouveia, Carolina; Salvado, Rita; Pinho, Pedro; Vieira, JoséA bio-radar system is presented for vital signs acquisition, using textile antennas manufactured with a continuous substrate that integrates the ground plane. Textile antennas were selected to be used in the RF (Radio Frequency) front-end, rather than those made of conventional materials, to further integrate the system in a car seat cover and thus streamline the industrial manufacturing process. The development of the novel substrate material is described in detail, as well as its characterization process. Then, the antenna design considerations are presented. The experiments to validate the textile antennas operation by acquiring the respiratory signal of six subjects with different body structures while seated in a car seat are presented. In conclusion, it was possible to prove that bio-radar systems can operate with textile-based antennas, providing accurate results of the extraction of vital signs.
- Influence of the laminating manufacturing technique on the S11 parameter of printed textile antenasPublication . Loss, Caroline; Salvado, Rita; Gonçalves, Ricardo; Pinho, PedroThis paper describes the influence of the laminating technique normally used to produce printed textile antennas on their return loss (S-11) parameter. The cutting technique and the use of steam on the ironing process of conductive fabrics are considered. The surface roughness and superficial porosity of dielectric materials are analyzed. This paper concludes that despite the unwanted compression applied on the laminating process, the technique is well suited to fabricated printed antennas.
- Textile antenna array for bio-radar applicationsPublication . Gouveia, Carolina; Loss, Caroline; Raida, Zbynek; Lacik, Jaroslav; Pinho, Pedro; Vieira, JoséIn this paper, a 2 x 2 antenna array operating at 5.8 GHz is presented for vital signs acquisition using a radar-based system, also known as bio-radar. Since these non-contact systems have multiple applications, their front-end design should take into account the monitoring environment of each specific application. In this sense, the antenna design has a crucial role to guarantee the proper integration of the full system, considering different materials. In this work, the antennas were made using textile materials, in order to integrate the bio-radar system in a car seat cover. This work presents the design of the antenna and the results achieved through measures in the anechoic chamber. Furthermore, respiratory signals were also acquired with the manufactured antennas and they are herein presented for validation purposes.
- Textile antenna for RF energy harvesting fully embedded in clothingPublication . Loss, Caroline; Gonçalves, Ricardo; Lopes, Catarina; Salvado, Rita; Pinho, PedroIn the context of Wireless Body Sensor Networks for healthcare and pervasive applications, textile antennas allow an ubiquitous monitoring, communication, energy harvesting and storage. This paper presents a smart coat with a dual-band textile antenna for Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting, operating at GSM 900 and DSC 1800 bands, which is fully embedded in the garment. Results obtained before and after the integration of the antenna into the garment are compared. The gain obtained in the simulation is about 1.8 dBi and 2.06 dBi, with radiation efficiency of 82% and 77,6% for the lowest and highest operating frequency bands, respectively.
- Development of a textile antenna using a continuous substrate integrating the ground planePublication . Loss, Caroline; Salvado, Rita; Gonçalves, Ricardo; Pinho, PedroThe exponential growth in the wearable market is boosting the industrialization process of manufacturing textile antennas. The patch of the printed antennas can be easily cut, embroidered or screen printed by machines. The conception of an optimal industrial substrate that meets all the mechanical and electromagnetic requirements is still a challenge. This paper presents a printed textile antenna for ISM band using a continuous Substrate Integrating the Ground Plane (SIGP). The SIGP is a novel textile material, which is a double fabric that integrates the dielectric substrate and the conductive ground plane in a single textile.