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  • Quantification of the available acid sites in the hydrocracking of nitrogen-containing feedstocks over USY shaped NiMo-catalysts
    Publication . Mendes, Pedro; Silva, João; Ribeiro, M Filipa; Bouchy, Christophe; Daudin, Antoine
    The inhibition of Brensted acid sites by nitrogen -containing molecules was quantified under industrially relevant hydrocracking conditions. This was achieved by testing bifunctional catalysts based on HUSY zeolite in cyclohexane hydroconversion. For ammonia partial pressures within 0.2-2.8 kPa, the percentage of inhibited Brensted sites was superior to 98% at 623 K. Significant reduction in the ammonia content caused rather moderate variations on the number of available sites. Conversely, a temperature raise from 600 to 640K triplicated the vacant Brensted sites due to the significant endothermicity of ammonia desorption. The inhibiting effect of ammonia can be therefore easily modulated by temperature. (C) 2018 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.
    2019-03-25Journal article Restricted access Show more
  • Assessing the influence of boundary conditions, driving behavior and data analysis methods on real driving CO2 and NOx emissions
    Publication . Varella, Roberto A.; Faria, Marta; Mendoza-Villafuerte, Pablo; Baptista, Patricia; Sousa, Luís; Duarte, Gonçalo
    The need to verify vehicle emissions in real world operation led to the implementation of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedures, effective since September 2017 for new Euro 6 cars following the Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/427, which defines the RDE test conditions and data analysis methods to allow representative results. Main factors addressed by the regulation include the share of driving operation, ambient temperature range, altitude and elevation difference. However, RDE is still debatable since not only boundary conditions but also the evaluation methods and trip selection are being discussed together with a carbon dioxide (CO2) regulation, which is planned to be implemented in the short term. Thus, this work focuses on analyzing the effect of different data measurement and analysis methods (i.e. cold operation, road grade, trip selection and driving style) on CO2 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions based on 13 RDE tests performed in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. The tests were conducted by 2 drivers using 5 vehicles. Each driver performed 2 trips per vehicle, one in normal driving and other in aggressive driving. A Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) was used to collect 1 Hz data, which was compared and analyzed using the European Commission (EC) proposed method for RDE tests. Results show the effects of each parameter such as average difference between drivers (7% in CO2 and 55% in NOx emissions) and between aggressive and normal driving. For road grade, big oscillations happen during the slope profile, which impacts emissions during all trips. Considering cold-operation, CO2 and NO emissions are, on average, similar to 25% and 55% higher, respectively, than in hot-operation. These results highlight the need for deeper studies on these factors to assure that RDE tests evolve to a more established certification procedure than laboratorial certifications. (C) 2018 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.
    2019-03-25Journal article Restricted access Show more