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Análise técnico-económica de soluções energéticas alternativas ao aquecimento por vapor na indústria alimentar
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Resumo(s)
A crescente preocupação com o impacto das emissões de gases com efeito estufa na intensificação do aquecimento global tem conduzido à procura de medidas que promovam a transição energética e a neutralidade carbónica. A definição de metas internacionais e nacionais para a redução das emissões obriga à reavaliação de processos industriais dependentes de combustíveis fósseis, nomeadamente os associados ao aquecimento a alta temperatura. No âmbito do estágio de natureza profissional, em colaboração com a ACET – Antero Cardoso Engenharia Termodinâmica, Lda., procedeu-se à análise técnico-económica de soluções energéticas alternativas ao aquecimento por vapor num complexo industrial de produção de margarina. O processo em estudo apresenta elevada exigência térmica, atualmente suprida por vapor gerado numa caldeira a gás natural. Foram estudadas três soluções: (i) bomba de calor amoníaco-água (R717-H2O), (ii) configuração em cascata com bomba de calor ar-água e bomba de calor água-água (ar-H2O-H2O) e (iii) caldeira elétrica de resistência. A comparação considerou consumo energético, viabilidade tecnológica e impacto económico. A bomba de calor amoníaco-água é a alternativa mais viável. Relativamente à bomba de calor ar-H2O-H2O e à caldeira elétrica de resistência, apresenta coeficiente de desempenho 2,1 e 4 vezes superior e custo total (incluindo o investimento inicial) 2,4 e 4,3 vezes inferior, traduzindo-se em poupanças estimadas de 4 931 712 € e 11 425 247 €, respetivamente. Além das vantagens energéticas e económicas, esta solução reduz o desperdício térmico e o consumo elétrico do sistema de refrigeração existente, permitindo integração térmica entre aquecimento e arrefecimento. Esta abordagem contribui para a sustentabilidade energética e para a redução da pegada carbónica da instalação industrial.
Abstract The growing concern about the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on the intensification of global warming has driven the search for measures that promote energy transition and carbon neutrality. The establishment of international and national targets for emission reduction requires the reassessment of industrial processes dependent on fossil fuels, particularly those associated with high-temperature heating. Within the scope of a professional internship, and in collaboration with ACET – Antero Cardoso Engenharia Termodinâmica, Lda., a techno-economic analysis was carried out to evaluate alternative energy solutions to steam heating in an industrial margarine production facility. The process under study presents a high thermal demand, which is currently met by steam generated in a natural gas-fired boiler. Three alternative solutions were analysed: (i) an ammonia–water heat pump, (ii) cascade configuration with an air–water heat pump and a water-water heat pump, and (iii) an electric resistance boiler. The comparison considered energy consumption, technological feasibility, and economic impact. The results demonstrate that the ammonia–water heat pump is the most viable alternative. Compared to the air–water heat pump and the electric resistance boiler, it achieves a coefficient of performance 2,1 and 4 times higher, and a total cost (including initial investment) 2,4 and 4,3 times lower, corresponding to estimated savings of 4 931 712 € and 11 425 247 €, respectively. In addition to its energy and economic advantages, this solution reduces thermal waste and the electricity consumption of the existing refrigeration system, enabling thermal integration between heating and cooling. This approach contributes to energy sustainability and to the reduction of the industrial facility’s carbon footprint.
Abstract The growing concern about the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on the intensification of global warming has driven the search for measures that promote energy transition and carbon neutrality. The establishment of international and national targets for emission reduction requires the reassessment of industrial processes dependent on fossil fuels, particularly those associated with high-temperature heating. Within the scope of a professional internship, and in collaboration with ACET – Antero Cardoso Engenharia Termodinâmica, Lda., a techno-economic analysis was carried out to evaluate alternative energy solutions to steam heating in an industrial margarine production facility. The process under study presents a high thermal demand, which is currently met by steam generated in a natural gas-fired boiler. Three alternative solutions were analysed: (i) an ammonia–water heat pump, (ii) cascade configuration with an air–water heat pump and a water-water heat pump, and (iii) an electric resistance boiler. The comparison considered energy consumption, technological feasibility, and economic impact. The results demonstrate that the ammonia–water heat pump is the most viable alternative. Compared to the air–water heat pump and the electric resistance boiler, it achieves a coefficient of performance 2,1 and 4 times higher, and a total cost (including initial investment) 2,4 and 4,3 times lower, corresponding to estimated savings of 4 931 712 € and 11 425 247 €, respectively. In addition to its energy and economic advantages, this solution reduces thermal waste and the electricity consumption of the existing refrigeration system, enabling thermal integration between heating and cooling. This approach contributes to energy sustainability and to the reduction of the industrial facility’s carbon footprint.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Neutralidade carbónica Aquecimento Bomba de calor Caldeira elétrica Estudo técnico-económico Carbonic neutralisation Heating Heath pump Electric boiler Technical-economical study