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Optimisation of hydraulic lime mortars incorporating an oil-refinery catalyst by-product for sustainable building rehabilitation
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Abstract
This investigation employs a Central Composite Design-based Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology to develop hydraulic lime mortars incorporating equilibrium catalyst (ECat), a by-product generated at the fluid catalytic cracking unit in oil refineries. The derived mathematical models describe the quantitative effects of key mixing variables, specifically ECat content, water-to-binder ratio and water repellent dosage, as well as their cross-interactions, on mortar properties, namely workability, compressive strength, ultrasound propagation velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity. Numerical optimisation techniques enabled the identification of optimal lime mortar compositions that maximise eco-efficiency while ensuring compliance with both regulatory and technological requirements for diverse masonry applications, including the rehabilitation of ancient buildings. Results confirm the by-product upcyclability of ECat, with feasible incorporation levels up to 56.6 % by mass, yielding mortars with significant potential for reducing the environmental impact of the built environment while advancing the circular economy and fostering technological innovation in the construction sector.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (ECat) Hydraulic lime-based mortars By-product upcycling Historic building rehabilitation Sustainable construction material Design of experiments Multi-objective optimisation
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Costa, C., & Nunes, S. (2026). Optimisation of hydraulic lime mortars incorporating an oil-refinery catalyst by-product for sustainable building rehabilitation. Development in the Built Environment, 25, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2026.100860
Editora
Elsevier