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Abstract(s)
A proteção ambiental é uma preocupação presente na população mundial já há alguns anos dado o impacto cada vez mais relevante das alterações climáticas. A redução e limitação de emissões de gases de efeito de estufa (GEE), como os Hidrofluorocarboneto (HFC), já se encontra implementada através de normas e regulamentos muito rigorosos como é exemplo o Protocolo de Quioto (1997) e o Regulamento F-gas (2014). Sendo necessária a diminuição drástica de emissões de GEE, é importante o estudo de soluções menos nocivas para a atmosfera. As emissões dos sistemas de refrigeração apresentam uma componente de emissões diretas considerável, produto da fuga dos gases fluorados utilizados. Esta componente pode ser eliminada através da utilização de fluídos naturais, que possuem emissões diretas quase nulas. É, no entanto, necessário o estudo destas soluções a fim de garantir que os sistemas são apropriados a nível de eficiência e custo.
Este trabalho foi realizado no âmbito de um estágio de natureza profissional na divisão de Operações de Refrigeração Sul da empresa RACE S.A. que permitiu o contacto direto com algumas tecnologias e assuntos da atualidade do sector. O caso de estudo do presente trabalho compreende a análise da utilização de fluídos naturais em sistemas de refrigeração. A tecnologia Coolbox/Waterloop, utilizada pela RACE S.A. em alguns sistemas de menor dimensão, é uma outra solução capaz de reduzir consideravelmente as emissões diretas de GEE. Desta forma foram elaborados uma série de sistemas de refrigeração que se dividem em Sistemas Coolbox/Waterloop e Sistemas Tradicionais. Para cada um destes tipos de sistemas foi tentado o desenvolvimento de sistemas com R410A, R290, R717 e R744 a fim de garantir a comparação não só entre fluídos, mas também entre a tecnologia utilizada pela RACE S.A. e a solução centralizada. Após o dimensionamento das várias soluções propostas são apresentados estudos comparativos energéticos, económicos e de emissões de carbono dos sistemas em que se verificou ser possível a sua aplicação. Após analisar os sistemas abordados e os estudos efetuados é concluído quanto às vantagens da utilização do sistema Coolbox/Waterloop com R410A, mas também quanto às limitações verificadas em cada um dos restantes.
Environmental protection has been a concern in the world population for some years now, given the increasingly relevant impact of climate change. The reduction and limitation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), is already implemented through very strict rules and regulations such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the F-gas Regulation. (2014). With the need to drastically reduce GHG emissions, it is important to study less harmful solutions to the atmosphere. Emissions from refrigeration systems have a considerable direct emissions component resulting from the leakage of fluorinated gases used. This component can be eliminated by using natural fluids, which have almost zero direct emissions. However, it is necessary to study these solutions to ensure that the systems are appropriate in terms of efficiency and cost. This work was carried out as part of an internship of professional nature in the Southern Refrigeration Operations division of RACE S.A., which allowed direct contact with some current technologies and issues in the sector. The case study of this work comprises the analysis of the use of natural fluids in refrigeration systems. Coolbox/Waterloop technology, used by RACE S.A. in some smaller systems, is another solution capable of considerably reducing direct GHG emissions. In this way a series of cooling systems were elaborated that are divided into Coolbox/Waterloop Systems and Traditional Systems. For each of these types of systems the development of systems with R410A, R290, R717 and R744 was attempted to ensure a comparison not only between fluids but also between the technology used by RACE S.A. and the traditional solution. After designing the various proposed solutions, comparative energy, economic and carbon emission studies of the systems in which their application was found to be possible are presented. After analyzing the systems covered and the obtained studies, it is concluded about the R410A Coolbox/Waterloop system advantages, but also about the limitations verified in each of the others.
Environmental protection has been a concern in the world population for some years now, given the increasingly relevant impact of climate change. The reduction and limitation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), is already implemented through very strict rules and regulations such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the F-gas Regulation. (2014). With the need to drastically reduce GHG emissions, it is important to study less harmful solutions to the atmosphere. Emissions from refrigeration systems have a considerable direct emissions component resulting from the leakage of fluorinated gases used. This component can be eliminated by using natural fluids, which have almost zero direct emissions. However, it is necessary to study these solutions to ensure that the systems are appropriate in terms of efficiency and cost. This work was carried out as part of an internship of professional nature in the Southern Refrigeration Operations division of RACE S.A., which allowed direct contact with some current technologies and issues in the sector. The case study of this work comprises the analysis of the use of natural fluids in refrigeration systems. Coolbox/Waterloop technology, used by RACE S.A. in some smaller systems, is another solution capable of considerably reducing direct GHG emissions. In this way a series of cooling systems were elaborated that are divided into Coolbox/Waterloop Systems and Traditional Systems. For each of these types of systems the development of systems with R410A, R290, R717 and R744 was attempted to ensure a comparison not only between fluids but also between the technology used by RACE S.A. and the traditional solution. After designing the various proposed solutions, comparative energy, economic and carbon emission studies of the systems in which their application was found to be possible are presented. After analyzing the systems covered and the obtained studies, it is concluded about the R410A Coolbox/Waterloop system advantages, but also about the limitations verified in each of the others.
Description
Trabalho final de mestrado para obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Keywords
Refrigeração comercial Commercial refrigeration Fluídos naturais Natural refrigerants Coolbox Waterloop
Citation
ALMEIDA, Mário Rui Ribeiro de - Desenvolvimento e implementação de instalações de refrigeração comercial com fluídos naturais. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 2019. Dissertação de mestrado.
Publisher
Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa