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- The prejudice and gender stereotyping in advertising: the receiver perspectivePublication . Pereira, Francisco José Costa; Verissimo, Jorge; Castillo Diaz, Ana; Correia, Maria do Rosário; Magalhães, Luísa; Cardoso, PauloThis research intended to identify how the perception of discrimination against women in advertising can be influenced by gender stereotypes in advertising as well as some attitudes such as sexism and racial discrimination and homosexual. Two models were created, one for sexism influencing the discrimination of women in advertising and one for sexual and racial discrimination. The two models were tested through a quantitative research where respondents consisted in a total of 736 subjects in Spain, in the city of Badajoz, and Portugal, in the cities of Lisbon, Porto and Braga. In conclusion a model where the hostile sexism and gender stereotypes in advertising contribute to the discrimination of women in advertising has been found. It was also found that racial and sex discrimination did not contribute to the discrimination of women in advertising.
- Gender stereotyping, sex and violence in Portuguese and Spanish advertisementPublication . Pereira, Francisco José Costa; Verissimo, Jorge; Castillo Diaz, Ana; Correia, Maria do RosárioThis study analyses the gender stereotypes, sex and violence in advertisements in all me dia except radio, from Portugal and Spain. We have conducted this study after ascertaining that gender stereotypes, as well as sexual and violent scenes, are embedded in advertisement as a formula to increase the possibility of remembering them. This advertisement analysis explores gender stereotyping, sex and violence, both for the Portuguese and Spanish advertisement mar ket. We used a sample of 245 messages from Portuguese and Spanish advertising and a specific grid for this analysis from. We used all media, except radio, between July and November of 2008. The messages were selected from the following categories of products: foods and non-alcohol ic beverages, cars and accessories, restaurants and commercial spaces, financial services and insurance, household products, electronic devices and communications, clothes and alcoholic beverages. These ads messages were select with a criterion of the characters. All messages must have at least one character, male or female. The messages were selected from the following cat egories of products: foods and non-alcoholic beverages, cars and accessories, restaurants and commercial spaces, financial services and insurance, household products, electronic devices and communications, clothes and alcoholic beverages. These ads messages were select with a crite rion of the characters. All messages must have at least one character, male or female. The results in Portugal and Spain about gender stereotypes are in line with previous advertising studies from different countries across the years, showing that it prevails despite the change in women´s role in the world. However, there were practically no situations of discrimination of women or placing them in subordinate roles to men. The results also show us that sex and violence are in a lower level in the advertising of Portugal and Spain. advertising messages from (all) media – Televi sion 83 – Press – 149 – Outdoor 9 – Internet 4. The TV ads were found from 200 hours watched in prime time, (between July and November of 2008 in all broadcast in open signal in Portugal, and Spain, the press ads were found from 300 titles consulted, between July and November of 2008, 22 mensal review, 5 weekly review like, and diary and weekly press, the Internet ads were found from 90 visits to the sites with more visits in Portugal and Spain, between July 2008 and November 2008. Finally the messages from Outdoor came from 50 visits to locations where they were placed between July 2008 and November 2008 in Lisbon and Badajoz.
- Estereótipos de género, sexo e violência na publicidade portuguesa e espanholaPublication . Pereira, Francisco José Costa; Verissimo, Jorge; Castillo Diaz, Ana; Correia, Maria do RosárioEste estudo pretende analisar os estereótipos de género, o sexo e a violência presentes em anúncios de todos os meios de comunicação, com exceção da rádio, em Portugal e Espa-nha. Realizámos o estudo após termos verificado que os estereótipos de género bem como as cenas de cariz sexual e violento são integrados nos anúncios para que estes permaneçam mais facilmente na memória dos espetadores. Esta análise publicitária tem por objetivo explorar os estereótipos de género, o sexo e a violência nos anúncios lançados no mercado publicitário de Portugal e Espanha. Selecionámos uma amostra de 245 mensagens de anúncios portugueses e espanhóis, tendo também recorrido a uma grelha específica para esta análise. Utilizámos ma-terial proveniente de todos os meios de comunicação, exceto a rádio, referente ao período de julho a novembro de 2008. As mensagens foram extraídas das seguintes categorias de produtos: alimentação e bebidas não alcoólicas, automóveis e acessórios, restaurantes e superfícies co-merciais, serviços financeiros e seguros, produtos do lar, aparelhos eletrónicos e comunicações, vestuário e bebidas alcoólicas. As mensagens publicitárias foram selecionadas com base no critério das personagens. Todas as mensagens deviam ter pelo menos uma personagem mascu-lina ou feminina. Os resultados obtidos em Portugal e Espanha sobre os estereótipos de género confirmam estudos publicitários anteriores realizados noutros países, demonstrando que estes prevalecem apesar das mudanças no papel da mulher no mundo. Refira-se, no entanto, que quase não foram observadas situações de discriminação de mulheres ou em que as mulheres fossem colocadas em papéis subalternos aos homens. Os resultados também revelaram que o sexo e a violência se posicionam num patamar inferior da publicidade produzida em Portugal e Espanha. Usámos uma base de dados composta por 245 (181 de Portugal e 64 de Espanha) men-sagens publicitárias de todos os meios de comunicação - Televisão 83 - Imprensa - 149 - Cartazes 9 - Internet 4. Os anúncios televisivos foram selecionados a partir de 200 horas visionadas em horário nobre entre julho e novembro de 2008 em todas as emissões de sinal aberto em Portugal e Espanha; os anúncios da imprensa foram extraídos de 300 títulos consultados entre julho e no-vembro de 2008, incluindo 22 revistas mensais, 5 revistas semanais e imprensa diária e semanal; os anúncios da Internet foram selecionados a partir de 90 consultas aos sítios mais visitados em Portugal e Espanha; por último, as mensagens dos cartazes foram recolhidas em 50 visitas a locais onde tinham sido colocados entre julho e novembro de 2008, em Lisboa e Badajoz.
- Gender stereotyping, sex and violence in portuguese and spanish advertisementPublication . Pereira, Francisco José Costa; Verissimo, Jorge; Castillo Diaz, Ana; Correia, Maria do RosárioThe aim of this study is to demonstrate how gender stereotypes are materialised in advertisements, and how the use of sexual and violent contents can have discriminatory affects on women. We have conducted this study after ascertaining that gender stereotypes, as well as sexual and violent scenes, are embedded in advertisement as a formula to increase the likeness of remembering them. Our advertisement analysis explores gender stereotyping, sex and violence, both for the Portuguese and Spanish advertisement market. We used a sample of 245 messages from Portuguese and Spanish advertising. To his analyse, we used a specific grid. The main conclusions show us that advertisement in Portugal and Spain still have a significant amount of gender stereotypes, which is in agreement with other international studies. However, there were practically no situations of discrimination of women, placing them in subordinate roles to men.